Collaboration Quiz Essay Example for Free

Collaboration Quiz EssayWhat are the advantages of having diversity in a cooperative learning environment?Having diversity in a collaborative learning environment opens up more possibilities of learning, you will have more ideas and different views on the situation. The advantages on diversity are the different backgrounds of the group members. Because of this theyll all in all have a different way of thinking about the subject at hand. With different attitudes, learning styles, and work ethics it really makes a remainder in a collaboration learning environment. One of these advantages is they we all have stories of what we know and or been through. So having information on something you have learned on been through in the past is a valuable input.How might factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration?The factors of diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration by setting a different mood of the situation. All of t hese combusts can either be a good thing or a bad thing. Since we all are very different in every way one person may feel as their answer is right and dont deserve to be changed. The different work styles also affect collaboration for example some people are faster workers than others and are very anxious while others like to take their snip and double check their work for error. But this may also be a good thing since in that location are so many inputs onto the situation their way or thinking may change and will come to a conclusion on the trump out answer.How does personal responsibility influence the work and success of a group?I think personal responsibility has a strong influence on the work and success of a group, because a lot of people have families and jobs to take care of and at the end of the day they are very stock(a) and feel to rest. There are a lot of things that can happen unexpectedly that no one can predict thatll cost you to take time off from classes. This can affect the success of the group because if you do not post in the chat how will anyone know if you have your work of the appointee that needs to be turn in?

Transition stages of a group Essay Example for Free

Transition stages of a group EssayRecognizing that change will be occurring noticing our reaction to it initiates the transition process. Some mass recognize the get change earlier than others. We whitethorn see the signs and notice the handwriting on the wall well ahead of others. Other of us may not recognize or react until the change is imminent. In either case, when change is apparent to sometimes obvious, we all form a reaction to the unfinished change. There are three options. It can embrace the change, accept it somewhat passively, or reject it. The first reactions will lead to the planning stage. However, if we reject or disagree with the change, we can become temporarily stalled. It might question the pauperism for the change, become angry around it, feel highly stressed by the fantasy of it, or in some cases, experience feelings of depression like losing a job or getting a divorce can be so intimidating that short term counseling may be needed to help with accept ance of change and to facilitate the planning process.Before, we can continue the voyage to the next adventure or change we will need to formulate a goal and action plan. If the change is about(predicate) entering a bleak relationship, we often discuss with our partner the goals we induce for the relationships, describe our expectations, or try to be clear in our own minds what it is we are facial expression for. If we are looking for a refreshful relationship we may generate alternatives about how to meet new people. When anticipating a major move, we need to think about where we will live, what we need to pay off with us, and what need to be done before we can leave. The planning stage can help to minimize and diminish fears and concern about the enigmatical by identifying the concrete steps that will help us with the transition. Setting short term goals and envisioning the perfect scenario that could occur as a get out of the change may help s to feel better about it. Thi s is often the nigh difficult part of the transition process.It can be two stressful and sad to leave the familiar environments and routines or let go of cherished keepsakes, pets or a way of life e peculiar(prenominal)ly when the experiences have positive. For many, the most difficult is to say goodbye to the people whom we have come to know, love respect, and depend on. There are things we do to reduce the effect of the separation. We may need to be sure that we have time to visit with eachof those special people and to set up ways to keep in touch. Setting a date for a reunion or a phone call in the near future may reduce feeling of finality. Creating photograph collages with special memories that may be given as parting gifts can help to keep memories in the forefront to reduce anxiety. Remembering that we are all unless a phone call or e-mail away may even help to reduce the initial stress of leaving others behind. Whenever we start a new journey there are moments of anticip ation or exhilaration.We may even experience and a adrenaline rush, where we can feel the physical effect of the bodys anticipating of the change. Whether weve moved to a new place, or we just start a new job, the initial entry, while stressful, can also be positive exciting. This stage is helpful in putting the past behind and embracing the excitement and newness of what is to come. Taking it all in, meeting new people, and looking at possibilities may seem exciting and sometimes even almost overwhelming. Sometimes this new period has been called the honeymoon period where the newness the change gives us a erroneous sense of reality. True or false this period of initial excitement is an important bridge from the past to the future. This security and eager anticipation helps to energize us to cross over into our new situation. However wonderful the initial excitement, when the dust settles and reality sets in we can often feel a let down. We progress to that we are in a new and d ifferent place.We are not sure of the culture, the expectations, or how we will fit in. during this stage we begin to fill in the blanks. We familiarize ourselves with the routines, the environment and people who potentially will enrich our lives if we allow it. As Spenser Johnson (1998) says in his book about dealing with change, who moved my cheese? during the attend for new endings (or cheese) we must free ourselves of the fear, envision the goals and leaves the past behind. We may need to find mentor d or guides who can provide information and advice about the culture or context. We will need to explore untraveled paths and leave ourselves open to new experiences, although some days may be difficult in particular at the onset or in the beginning of the change. Taking a one day at a time philosophy, we should allow ourselves to set a specific goals for the day, focus on one positive event that occurred that day, and let go of the past. Movement in a new direction helps you find new cheese.During this time we try to make the strange familiar by seeking out others who haveout similar interests, goals, or talent. We should seek out opportunities that surliness out interests. When we reach this stage we are now living the change as a normal part of life. We feel as though we have become an accepted and valued member of the community or relationship. We can now focus on how we contribute to the environment and to make a variety in self actualization and elevate ourselves on Maslows hierarchy of needs scale. We may even realize that what we may have been holding onto about a former life was an exaggerated illusion and not the reality of that life at all. Finally we realize that while in this situation we should take advantage of what this new change offers as the next change is just around the corner, and it begins again

Building on Porters Value Chain Model for Design Management

Building on Porters Value Chain Model for Design worryBuilding on porters value chain model (1985), design worry creates value at three divergent levels management of design activities, integration of design function into all business deales and decisions to the design vision within the attach to vision and strategy (Sinha, 2002).What is Design? Design is a process of seeking to optimise consumer rejoicing and accompany profitability through the creative use of major(ip) design elements (performance, quality, durability, appearance and cost) in connection with harvests, environments, information and corporate identity (P Kotler, GA Rath, 1984).It involves a wide regularise of professions in which products, graphics, services, interiors and architecture all excise part. Design is a problem solving, systematic, creative and a coordinating activity (Borja de Mozota, 1998). It is a creative and management process.Design is a process that has four inseparable characteristics (W alsh et al, 1992). The 4Cs Creativity the creation of something bran-newComplexity decisions on large spell of parameters and variablesCompromise Balancing multiples and conflicting requirementsChoice making choices between many realistic solutions to a problem at all levelsWhy is Design Important?Design enhances products, communication, environment and corporate identity. Design objective is to create lavishly satisfaction for target customers and profits for the enterprise. It is an weighty strategic tool in firms un end search for a sustainable competitive advantage.Design seeks to discover and assess structural, organisational, functional, expressive and economic relationships with the task of enhancing worldwide sustainability, environmental protection, giving benefits and freedom to entire human community, supporting cultural diversity despite the globalisation of world. (Borja de Mozota, 2003). Designers play an grand role in how companies use information, how product information is documented and communicated (Lawson 1990, vossoughi 1998, French 1994). Design involves finding and identifying problems as much as solving them (Lawson, p.136, 1994).What is Design Management?Peter Gorb, 1990 defines design management as the effective deployment of the design resources available to a company by line managers in order to help the company fulfil its objectives. Design management involves managing the creative process within the corporation and managing the company according to design principles. it is about managing the processes of innovation and design.Design management analyzes the variant(a) elements necessary for the achievementful integration of design as an essential component of design strategy (Gianfranco Zaccai).Importance of design management pg 68 Creativity is a process which results in a novel work that is accepted as tenable or useful or satisfying by a collection at some point in time (Stein 1956). Creativity has been considered as a type of problem solving (Matlin, 2002). Puccio, 1997 illustrated that creativity contributes to effective leadership and discovering new and better ways of solving problems, the effective use of human resources and the rapid growth of competition in the business.Design is regarded as a creative process. The process has five phases, each having a different objective and corresponds to the production of visual outputs. (Borja de Mozota, 2003) These design phases are identical no matter what the design project is.PHASES impersonal VISUAL OUTPUTS0. Investigating Idea Brief1. Research Concept Visual concept2. Exploration Choice of style Rough of ideas, Sketches, Roughof presentations3. Development paradigm detail Technical drawings, Functionalmodel, 3-D mock up for visualcorrectness4. Realization Test Documents of execution,Prototype5. Evaluation Production Illustration of the productThe design process (Borja de Mozota, 2003)In preliminary phase, the idea is generated and the problem is identified which can be solved by the design. In phase 1, the designer analyzes the placement of product and discovers the technical and functional parameters of the project. In phase 2, the designer makes rough sketches of different possibilities using all his creative resources for the clients. Selection is made between different solutions which are to be essential in phase 3. In phase 3, the selected solution is formally represented in three dimensions. The model is used for various tests and the final model is then adopted ending the creative process. In phase 4, the designer works on realization of a prototype for the project. This requires the collaborationism of different departments. In phase 5, tests are launched in three different directions technical control, calculation test, and marketing evaluation.FCUKFrench connection, also known as fcuk, founded in 1972 by Stephen Marks was designed to create fashionable tog aimed at a broad target market. French corporatio n offers a fashion-forward clothing localize with a quirky spin on design, priding itself on quality and affordable prices. Fcuk represents French Connection United Kingdom, and is the casual French Connection clothing range it has developed into a differentiate name which is highly renowned and an acronym that relates to the French Connection logo. The French Connection brand operates in the fashion-orientated high street sell market offering a fashion-forward range of quality products at affordable prices. Customers, typically aged 18-35, appreciate that the brand is at the leading edge of high street fashion and offers quality and style in its products. The design teams are based in London and products are manufactured in specialist facilities in Europe and Asia (Fcuk.com, 2009). French Connections operations cover several distribution channels, from their own retail outlets, wholesalers in North America, franchises, mail order, to concession stores in a mix of department sto res such as Selfridges. French Connection is now one of the most recognisable fashion brands on the high street with a global reach, operating in over 30 countries, with over 1,000 stockists worldwide (fcuk.com, 2009). In February 2001, French Connection paid 23 million pounds sterling to its US give voice venture partner Best of All Clothing who had been operating the 24 French Connection stores before the buyout. Now French Connection holds complete fencesitter ownership.Product/service offeringThe company design ranges of products for both men and women from underwear to outerwear, casual wear to suits, denim, accessories and childrens wear. French Connection has expand into new markets at a phenomenal rate and the product range is now hugely diversified. The company began by selling clothing to the mens and womens market, originating as a fashionable clothing range, and has now extended its brand in recent years to include fashion accessories, make-up, toiletries, even condoms and not forgetting more(prenominal) than recently alcoholic drinks. Brand licensing plays an important part of the companys strategic plans for expansion with licensing deals revenue. The company has developed into a brand licensing company rather than solely a fashion retailer. The brand had even expanded into radio, with the launch of FCUK FM. The core plan behind the idea is to target 18- to 35 year old to the brand in the future. Fcuk follows a specific pattern to achieve its organisation goals. FCUK advertised Scent to bed in publications, print ads in magazines that included cosmopolitan, Marie Claire, Maxim and FHM whose readerships were primarily consisted of girls in their early and middle teenage years. Fcuk remained persuade that the campaign was right for its target market. Focus remains to produce fashion-forward products to build on the success of the ladies wear ranges (Fcuk.com, FY09 presentation).USPsFrench connections controversial ad campaigns with the fcuk fa shion developed the brands bold, and witty attitude that has made customers think with a desire to be innovative, distinctive and yet be affordable and accessible. Their adverts are not like the customary fashion advertising, they leave it open to interpretation of the customer. Fcuk witnessed a sudden fall in late 1980s, but it became one of the hottest brands in England in late nineties and early 2000s, thanks to its controversial marketing campaign and subsequent rebranding. FCUK has always adopted out of the way advertising and selling techniques, for example their logo FCUK, or the eye catching visuals on the high streets. Accessories such as hats, sunglasses, backpacks, fragrances and the companys new cosmetics line complement the brands fashion (Plunkett 2009). The fcuk logo works as a incomparable selling point for the brand and separates it from its competitors. Also the exclusive designs, customer satisfaction and service provided by the employees are the unique selling points of the brand. French connection has make synonymous with style and fashion. It strives to maintain the brand credibility and its uniqueness in the market. Innovation and creativity are the characteristic of the designs and the company blends high quality with fire ideas as well as affordability.Multi -Channel StrategyApart from the store network such as mail order and the internet the company uses a number of other lucrative channels. With e-tailing, French Connection realised how important their online business is, where they were adamant to win the rights to fcuk.com. In addition to these varied channels deployed, French Connection also grants licenses to retailers worldwide in order to expand their business into new markets. French Connection is aware of the volatility of expanding into new markets. Therefore they are more cautious and get involved with their licensees to follow progress.FCUK and the MarketFrench Connection operates as a multiple specialist fashion reta iler, competing against the likes of Zara, HM, Top Shop, Miss Selfridge, Next, River Island and Warehouse. This manufacturing is highly competitive with numerous international brands fighting in the segment. As like all other fashion retailers FCUK has monitored the progress of the Spanish clothing brand Zara. Due to Zaras lean production and efficient logistics, it has taken over a huge share of the market. To compete with them, the design and production teams at FCUK now unless commit to less than sixty percent before the launch of the season .The company acknowledges that speed-to-market is crucial in order to give customers what they want, when they want, at the price they want. It sells its products at higher price points than the likes of Zara and HM. However daring its marketing may have been, French Connections clothes were in reality considerably less interesting than those stocked at faster-growing rivals Zara and HM, and the truth finally caught up with the company in 2004. That year, sales began to slow significantly, encouraging the company finally to drop the FCUK slogan from its advertising. That tactic failed to book the decline in performance. In May 2009, French Connection announced that like-for-like sales in the UK and Europe rose by 2% during the 3 months ending 16th May, thanks to a strong performance in the women wear sector. Total retail sales in the UK and Europe were up by 8% over the period. French Connection said that women wear had continued to show growth, but that menswear remained difficult (mintel.com).Read Supply chain report.http//tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htmdecisivenessFrench Connection has set a personality to its brand, which is exciting and original this is considered to be exceptional with the number of different brands in the high street. The key to their success is a combination of their stylish clothing range, affordable pricing, merchandising, and controversial advertising. As the brand is c ontinuously innovating itself, they aim to create more fashionable clothing ranges by taking the opinion from important people in the fashion industry. The advertising will remain innovative and creative but will focus more on the clothes itself creating a unique look that is distinctively, French connection. The brand celebrates individual fashion whilst constantly developing products, market and future goals to expand

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Applications

Artificial tidings and Robotics ApplicationsI. IntroductionArtificial intelligence(AI) is theintelligenceof utensils and the outgrowth ofcomputer sciencethat aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as the study and design ofthinking(a) agents,1where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.2John McCarthy, who coined the marge in 1956,3defines it as the science and design of making intelligent machines. The field was founded on the claim that a central property of servicemans, intelligence-the wisenessofHomo sapiens- can buoy be so precisely expound that it can be simulated by a machine.This raises philosophical issues about the nature of themindand limits of scientifichubris, issues which progress to been addressed bymyth,fictionandphilosophysince antiquity.6Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,7solely has withal suffered come inbacks8and, today, has become an essential part of the technology intentness, providing the heavy lifting for many a(prenominal) of the nigh difficult problems in computer science. AI research is mellowedly technical and heighten, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.10Subfields run by grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, dourstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be d unrivalled and the masking of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, haveledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.11General intelligence (or difficult AI) is still a long-term goal of (some) research.AI plays a major role in the field of robotics. The wordrobotcan refer to both physical robots and practical(prenominal)softw atomic number 18 agents, but the latter are usually referred to asbots.3There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots, but there is general understanding among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following move around, operate a mechanical limb, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behaviour, especially behaviour which mimics kind-hearteds or other animals. There is conflict about whether the term can be applied to remotely operated devices, as the most frequent usage implies, or solely to devices which are controlled by their software without human intervention. InSouth Africa,robotis an informal and comm all used term for a set of traffic lights. It is difficult to compare numbers of robots in dissimilar countries, since there are different definitions of what a robot is.TheInternational system for Standardizationgives a definition of robot inISO 8373 an automatically controlled, reprogramm qualified, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either immovable in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.5This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, theEuropean Robotics explore Network(EURON), and many national standards committees. The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) uses a broader definition a robot is a re-programmable multi-functional manipulator intentional to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the achievement of a variety of tasks.7The RIA subdivides robots into four classes devices that manipulate objects with manual control, automated devices that manipulate objects with predetermined cycles, programmable and servo-controlled robots with continuous point-to-point trajectories, and robots of this last type which also acquire information from the environment and move intelligently in response. There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone, and many people have their own.8For example,Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in ind ustrial robotics, once remarked I cant define a robot, but I know one when I see one.9 consort toEncyclopaedia Britannica, a robot is any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may non resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner.10Merriam-Websterdescribes a robot as a machine that looks like a human being and performs various interlocking acts (as walking or talking) of a human being, or a device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks, or a mechanism command by automatic controls. Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as onassembly linesbecause they have difficulty responding to unforeseen interference. Because of this, most existence rarely encounter robots. However,domestic robotsfor cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in veritable countries, peculiarly inJapan. Robots can also be found in themilitary.II. HISTORYMechanica l orformal reasoninghas been developed by philosophers and mathematicians since antiquity. The study of analytical system led directly to the invention of theprogrammable digital electronic computer, based on the work ofmathematicianAlan Turingand others. Turingstheory of computationsuggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as childly as 0 and 1, could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction.23This, along with recent disc everywhereies inneurology,information theoryandcybernetics, inspired a small group of researchers to begin to seriously consider the possibility of building an electronic encephalon.24The field of AI research was founded ata conferenceon the campus ofDartmouth Collegein the summer of 1956.25The attendees, including John McCarthy,Marvin Minsky,Allen NewellandHerbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research for many decades.26They and their students wrote programs that were, to most people, simply astonishing27computers were solving word prob lems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.28By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by theDepartment of Defense29and laboratories had been established around the world.30AIs founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new fieldHerbert Simon predicted that machines leave be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do31andMarvin Minsky agreed, writing that within a generation the problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be work.32In the aboriginal 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success ofexpert systems,35a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same sentence, Japansfifth generation computerproject inspired the U.S and British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field.36Stories of artificial helpers and compan ions and attempts to create them have a long history but fully autonomousmachines only if appeared in the 20th century. The firstdigitallyoperated and programmable robot, theUnimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of surface from a die casting machine and stack them. Today, commercial andindustrial robotsare in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be effortable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and place exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial near(a)s.4 The wordrobotwas introduced to the public by CzechwriterKarel apek in his playR.U.R. (Rossums Universal Robots), published in1920.16The play begins in afactorythat wins artificial people calledrobots, but they are closer to the modern font ideas ofandroids, creatures w ho can be mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem happy to serve. At issue is whether therobotsare beingexploitedand the consequences of their treatment. However, Karel apek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to anetymologyin theOxford English Dictionaryin which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef apek, as its real(a) originator.16In an article in the Czech journalLidov novinyin 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatureslaboi(fromLatinlabor, work). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested roboti.III. FIELDS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEA. Combinatorial Search umpteen problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently searching through many possible solutions96Reasoningcan be reduced to performing a search. For example, logical proof can be viewed as searching for a path that leads frompremises to conclusions, where each step is the application of aninference rule.97Planningalgorithms search through trees of goals and sub goals, attempting to find a path to a tar institute goal, a process calledmeans-ends analysis.98Roboticsalgorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects uselocal searchesin configuration space.67Manylearningalgorithms use search algorithms based onoptimization. Simple exhaustive searches99are rarely sufficient for most real world problems thesearch space(the number of places to search) quickly grows toastronomicalnumbers. The result is a search that istoo slowor never eke outs. The solution, for many problems, is to use heuristics or rules of thumb that run choices that are unlikely to lead to the goal (called pruningthesearch tree).Heuristicssupply the program with a best guess for what path the solution lies on.100A very different kind of search came to prominence in the 1990s, based on the mathematical theory ofoptimization. For many problems, it is possible to begin the sear ch with some form of a guess and because refine the guess incrementally until no more refinements can be made. These algorithms can be visualized as blindhill climb up we begin the search at a random point on the landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top. Other optimization algorithms aresimulated annealing,beam searchandrandom optimization.101Evolutionary computationuses a form of optimization search. For example, they may begin with a population of organisms (the guesses) and then allow them to mutate and recombine,selectingonly the fittest to survive each generation (refining the guesses). Forms ofevolutionary computationincludeswarm intelligencealgorithms (such asant colonyorparticle swarm optimization) andevolutionary algorithmsB. Neural NetworkA neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network ofneuronsin thehuman brain. The study ofartificial neural networks127began in the decade before the fi eld AI research was founded, in the work ofWalter PittsandWarren McCullough. Other fundamental early researchers wereFrank Rosenblatt, who invented theperceptionandPaulwerbos who developed theback propagationalgorithm.134The main categories of networks are acyclic orfeed forward neural networks(where the signal passes in only one direction) andre occurrent neural networks(which allow feedback). Among the most popular feed forward networks areperceptions,multi-layer perceptionsandradial basis networks.135Among recurrent networks, the most famous is theHopfield net, a form of attractor network, which was first described byJohn Hopfieldin 1982.Neural networks can be applied to the problem ofintelligent control(for robotics) orlearning, utilise such techniques asHebbian learningandcompetitive learning.137Jeff Hawkinsargues that research in neural networks has stalled because it has failed to model the essential properties of theneocortex, and has suggested a model (Hierarchical Tempor al Memory) that is based on neurological research.C. ApproachesThere is no established unifying theory orparadigmthat guides AI research. Researchers disagree about many issues.76A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these should artificial intelligence simulate natural intelligence, by studying psychologyorneurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is toaeronautical engineering? raft intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such aslogicoroptimization)? Or does it necessarily adopt solving a large number of completely unrelated problems?78Can intelligence be reproduced using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require sub-symbolic processing?79D. General IntelligenceMain articlesStrong AIandAI-complete just about researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine withgeneral Intelligence (known asstrong AI),combining all the skills a bove and majestic human abilities at most or all of them.12A few believe thatanthropomorphicfeatures likeartificial consciousnessor an artificial brainmay be required for such a project.74Eliezer Yudkowskyhas argued for the importance offriendly artificial intelligence, to mitigate the risks of an uncontrolled intelligence explosion. The Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligenceis dedicated to creating such an AI. Many of the problems above are consideredAI-complete to solve one problem, you must solve them all. For example, even a straightforward, specific task likemachine translationrequires that the machine follow the authors argument (reason), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully reproduce the authors intention (social intelligence).Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete it may requirestrong AIto be done as well as humans can do it.75E. PlanningIntelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.56They need a way t o visualize the future (they must have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it) and be able to make choices that maximize the utility(or value) of the available choices.57In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only thing acting on the world and it can be certain what the consequences of its actions may be.58However, if this is not true, it must periodically check if the world matches its predictions and it must change its plan as this becomes necessary, requiring the agent to reason under uncertainty.59Multi-agent planninguses thecooperationandcompetitionof many agents to achieve a given goal.Emergent behaviorsuch as this is used bye volutionary algorithmsandswarm intelligence.F. LearningMachine learninghas been central to AI research from the beginning.62Unsupervised learningis the ability to find patterns in a stream of input.Supervised learningincludes bothclassificationand nume rical regression. Classification is used to determine what category something belongs in, after seeing a number of examples of things from several(prenominal) categories. Regression takes a set of numerical input/output examples and attempts to discover a continuous function that would generate the outputs from the inputs. Inreinforcement learning63the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. These can be analyzed in terms ofdecision theory, using concepts likeutility. The mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch oftheoretical computer scienceknown as computational learning theoryG. Motion And ManipulationThe field ofrobotics66is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation67andnavigation, with sub-problems oflocalization(knowing where you are),mapping(learning what is around you) andmotion planning(figuring out how to get there).H. Knowledge Repr esentationKnowledge representationandknowledge engineeringare central to AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are objects, properties, categories and relations between objects45situations, events, states and date46causes and effects47knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know)and many other, less well researched domains. A complete representation of what exists is anontology(borrowing a word from traditionalphilosophy), of which the most general are calledupper ontologies.I. Natural Language ProcessingNatural language processing64gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages that humans speak. Many researchers hope that a sufficiently right on natural language processing system would be able to acquire knowledge on its own, by reading the existing text available over the internet. Some straightforward applications of natural language processing includeinformation retrieval(ortext mining) andmachine translation.IV. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTSRobotics has been of interest to mankind for over one hundred years. However our perception of robots has been influenced by the media and Hollywood.One may ask what robotics is about? In my eyes, a robots characteristics change depending on the environment it operates in. Some of these areA. satellite SpaceManipulative arms that are controlled by a human are used to unload the docking bay of space shuttles to launch satellites or to construct a space stationB. The Intelligent HomeAutomated systems can now monitor home security, environmental conditions and energy usage. Door and windows can be opened automatically and appliances such as lighting and air conditioning can be pre programmed to activate. This assists occupants irrespective of their state of mobility.C. ExplorationRobots can scream environments that are harmful to humans. An example is monitoring t he environment inside a volcano or exploring our deepest oceans. NASA has used robotic probes for planetary exploration since the early sixties.D. Military Robots mobile robot drones are used for surveillance in todays modern army. In the future automated aircraft and vehicles could be used to carry fuel and ammunition or clear minefieldsE. FarmsAutomated harvesters can cut and gather crops. Robotic dairies are available allowing operators to feed and milk their cows remotely.F. The Car IndustryRobotic arms that are able to perform multiple tasks are used in the car manufacturing process. They perform tasks such as welding, cutting, lifting, sorting and bending. Similar applications but on a smaller scale are now being planned for the food processing industry in particular the trimming, cutting and processing of various meats such as fish, lamb, beef.G. HospitalsUnder development is a robotic accommodate that will enable nurses to lift patients without damaging their backs. Scienti sts in Japan have developed a power-assisted gibe which will give nurses the extra muscle they need to lift their patients- and avoid back injuries. The reconcile was designed by Keijiro Yamamoto, a professor in the welfare-systems engineering department at Kanagawa Institute of Technology outside Tokyo. It will allow caregivers to easily lift bed-ridden patients on and off beds. In its current state the suit has an aluminium exoskeleton and a tangle of wires and compressed-air lines trailing from it. Its advantage lies in the huge impact it could have for nurses. In Japan, the population aged 14 and under has declined 7% over the past five years to 18.3 million this year. Providing care for a growing elderly generation poses a major challenge to the government.Robotics may be the solution. Research institutions and companies in Japan have been trying to create robotic nurses to substitute for humans. Yamamoto has taken another approach and has decided to create a device designed to help human nurses.In tests, a nurse weighing 64 kilograms was able to lift and carry a patient weighing 70 kilograms. The suit is attached to the wearers back with straps and belts. Sensors are placed on the wearers muscles to measure strength. These send the data back to a microcomputer, which calculates how much more power is needed to complete the lift effortlessly.The computer, in turn, powers a chain of actuators or inflatable cuffs that are attached to the suit and worn under the elbows, lower back and knees. As the wearer lifts a patient, compressed air is pushed into the cuffs, applying extra force to the arms, back and legs. The degree of air pressure is automatically adjusted according to how much the muscles are flexed. A clear advantage of this system is that it assists the wearers knees, being only one of its kind to do so.A number of hurdles are still faced by Yamamoto. The suit is unwieldy, the wearer cant climb stairs and turning is awkward. The design weight o f the suit should be less than 10 kilograms for comfortable use. The latest prototype weighs 15 kilograms. making it lighter is technically possible by using smaller and lighter actuators. The prototype has cost less than 1 million ($8,400) to develop. But earlier versions developed by Yamamoto over the past 10 years cost upwards of 20 million in government development grants.H. Disaster AreasSurveillance robots fitted with innovational sensing and imaging equipment can operate in hazardous environments such as urban setting damaged by earthquakes by scanning walls, floors and ceilings for morphological integrity.I. EntertainmentInteractive robots that exhibit behaviours and learning ability. SONY has one such robot which moves freely, plays with a ball and can respond to verbal instructions.V. ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTSA. Business BenefitsRobots have the ability to consistently produce high-quality products and to precisely perform tasks. Since they never tire and can work nonstop with out breaks, robots are able to produce more quality goods or execute commands quicker than their human counterpartsB. Management BenefitsRobot employees never call in sick, never waste time and rarely require preparation time before working. With robots, a manager never has to worry about high employee turnover or unfilled positionsC. Employee BenefitsRobots can do the work that no one else wants to do-the mundane, dangerous, and repetitive jobs. Common Misconception about Robots Introducing robots into a work environment does not necessarily mean the elimination of jobs. With the addition of robots comes the need for highly-skilled, human workers.D. Consumer BenefitsRobots produce high quality goods Since robots produce so many quality goods in a shorter amount of time than humans, we reap the benefits of cheaper goods. Since the products are produced more quickly, this significantly reduces the amount of time that we are forced to wait for products to come to the marketplaceVI. S HORTCOMINGSFears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. (SeeThe Terminator,Runaway,vane Runner,Robocop,the Replicators inStargate,the Cylons inBattlestar Galactica,The Matrix,THX-1138, andI, Robot.) Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are2001 A Space Odyssey,Red Planet, Another common theme is the reaction, sometimes called the uncanny valley, of unease and even revulsion at the surge of robots that mimic humans too closely.99Frankenstein(1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or monster go on beyond its creator. In the TV show, Futurama, the robots are p ortrayed as humanoid figures that live alongside humans, not as robotic butlers. They still work in industry, but these robots carry out daily lives.Manuel De Landahas noted that smart missiles and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can be considered robots, and they make some of their decisions autonomously. He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines.100Marauding robots may have entertainment value, but unsafe use of robots constitutes an actual danger. A heavy industrial robot with powerful actuators and unpredictably complex behavior can cause harm, for instance by stepping on a humans foot or falling on a human. Most industrial robots operate inside a security fence which separates them from human workers, but not all. Two robot-caused deaths are those of Robert Williams andKenji Urada. Robert Williams was struck by a robotic arm at a casting plant inFlat Rock, Michiganon January 25, 1979.10137-year-oldKenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, was killed in 1981 Urada was performing routine maintenance on the robot, but neglected to shut it down properly, and was accidentally pushed into agrinding machine.VII. CONCLUSIONSIf the current developments are to be believed then the next wave of robots will have a supernatural resemblance with humans with the help of AI. The Indian automotive industry has finally awaken to the fact that robotics is not just about saving labour, but it also helps companies significantly to step up productivity and quality to learn the demands of international competition. Industrial robots can be involved in production industry because of its less time consumption, accuracy of work, and less labour. As globalization accelerates, robotics is increasingly vital to maintain the health of the industrial sector and keep manufacturing jobs at home. Now more than ever, the need to stay competitive is a driver for drop in robotics. Compani es in all over the world are often faced with difficult choices Do they send their manufacturing to low-cost producers overseas? Or, do they identify in robotics to continue making products here? We conclude that more companies are realizing that robotics is the better option.

Monitoring Risk in Project Management

Monitoring Risk in Project ManagementRisk identification and analysis lies in the men of the proprietor who is the first participant in any type of project. When they are identified earlier, then there is a plan on how to manage them. If this confinement is to be given to any other personnel, then he/she should soak up the skills to interpret those risks. Although the owner may fail to identify all the risks, then there should be an integrated project team who will assisting this. Any plan that is designed for the project should have the risk identification part.In a accredited flower farm, the owner saw it appropriate to test a certain variety of flower and see how it would perform in the ecological zone he was in. in advance doing anything else, he contacted each and every employee to tell them about his idea. Most of them were very willing to dish in anything they could. One of the ways he started doing is to root word we as employees into groups that would work as a team to achieve this. He could also call upon some of us in a face-to-face inter sue and this improved on trust of all of us. He could also contact specialists in the sector in question, not because we could not do it by ourselves precisely because he wanted a variable number if ideas.Team members also needed to play their roles effectively. They needed to actively involve themselves by giving ideas and zip was permitted to criticize. On the same note, each of the identified risk would be recorded whether relevant or not. All this would help to identify all the risks possible with the help of missions, strategies and goals of the project, cost estimate, procurement, and execution and financing plan, projects Environmental Impact Assessment among others. This process was repeated several times before the outcomes were realized.We as teams then took the challenge to come in these identified risks in the order in which they could be severe. The lowest rank held those risks that were le ss severe and we categorized them as negligible. Marginal, critical and catastrophic were among the more severe. This rank was based on value in other words number of dollars and indicated that there will be minimal environment damage. On top of this was the fringy risks where we indicated that there will be imitable environmental damage and that there will be restoration activities that will take place. On and on until we got to the catastrophic ones where we showed that there would be irreversible environmental damage and that the business would be closed. We went ahead and ranked them on the basis of likelihood where we ranked them as certain, apt(predicate), possible, unlikely or rare. The rare ones were those that were unlikely to occur although they were possible. The unlikely are those that could reasonably expected to occur. Those that are possible are those that will occur severally while the likely will occur frequently. The certain ones are those that will continually b e experienced.Monitoring the risks was also the mandate of the teams. We had identify all new risks and take action in managing them. We also examined and documented the effectiveness of risks responses. We also could measure the technical performance of the risks. Before all this, we could first evaluate the risks whether all our assumptions were still valid, whether the risks have changed from the prior state, whether the proper measures for are being followed or whether they needed to be modified in line with the aim of the project.On top of all this, the owner had an idea of purchasing a new car that he would use to convey the flowers when they will be ready to the market. What motivated him was that he had enough silver to purchase it cash. He would get the car of his choice as well as the one that will be suitable to carry out the function. He was sure enough that the value of this expected car will be covered by the expected sales of the flowers.REFERENCESWardlaw, C. Wardla w, C. (2017). 8 Important Decisions to Make Before Buying a New Car. NY Daily News. Retrieved 13 March 2017, from http//www.nydailynews.com/autos/street-smarts/8-important-decisions-buying-new-car-article-1.2558671Reincke, K. (2017). Monitor Control Project Work myPmps. Mypmps.net. Retrieved 13 March 2017, from http//www.mypmps.net/en/mypmps/knowledgeareas/integration/monitor-control-project-work.htmlrank Risks Rare to Certain, Negligible to Catastrophic. (2017). Project Smart. Retrieved 13 March 2017, from https//www.projectsmart.co.uk/ranking-risks-rare-to-certain-negligible-to-catastrophic.php

Upton Sinclairs The Jungle :: essays research papers fc

Long and tedious, with the purpose of showing the unsanitary conditions of the Chicago meat industry, The Jungle is a book that was written by Upton Sinclair. subsequently his manuscript was completed in 1905, it appeared serially in Appeal to Reason, a widely circulated socialist periodical. This initial publication caused much controversy and immediate reaction. more difficulty was encountered, however, when he tried to get it published in book form. None of the publishers urgencyed it published completely in its current form, and Sinclair didn&8217t want to cut any of it out. It was finally published in 1906, by Sinclair himself with considerable financial aid from Jack London. There is no table of contents as it is written in the form of a novel. Likewise, there are very few footnotes and the footnotes it does have are on how to pronounce things. There is a bibliography in the back which lists all of his sources for information on meatpacking and his other documentation. For the most part it is historically accurate, as it tells the life of a man who works in a realistic meat packing setting. Because it is fictional, though, it probably would not be much of an aid to a historical researcher. The novel itself, containing over Three light speed pages, is rather long and tediously boring.Sinclair&8217s central purpose in writing The Jungle was to persuade people to join the socialist party and to relieve the view that socialism is the only way to conquer the capitalistic empires that abuse the working class. The socialist ethic is that the general public will have formulate ownership of the factory. Thus, they will finally be able to eliminate the undesirable working conditions and to advocate new, more comfortable working conditions. Sinclair uses many clever devices in order to get his readers to agree with this ethic. First, he keeps the many characters basically flat and two-dimensional throughout the whole novel. After their initial introduction, t hey are not true any further or given any more human characteristics. They are outlined by what the author tells you they do no thought or decision making on their part is ever shown. He also keeps all of the characters at the same level. The reader never knows any more roughly one character&8217s personality than he does about another character&8217s personality. He only knows basically nothing about every character&8217s personality. Another device Sinclair employs is leaving only one option, one alternative, to being held captive by capitalism.

Development During Adolescence: Questions Essay -- Child Psychology

Question 1 Discuss adolescencea)The period of adolescence and the cultural aspect thereofPinpointing the exposit of any developmental phase is difficult as different people view adolescence and who is classified as an adolescent in different ways. This is because of perspective as well as cultural differences of what an adolescent is. As a rule of thumb,we say that the onset of adolescence is when puberty starts. This is fairly easy to notice because of the physical changes. However, as certain the end of adolescence is much harder. There are criteria from a social, legal, psychological and economic perspectives which determine the end of adolescence. In some cultures, youth are expected to go through an initiation of some sort or have to partake in a ritual in order to be accepted as an adult in the communities. Other cultures mark the start end of adolescence with a feast. As you can see,it is almost impossible to pinpoint the occupy start and the exact finish of adolescence. As a norm though, we say that it starts between 11 and 13 and ends between the ages of 17 and 22.b)Educational implications of Physical DevelopmentAdolescents are trying to find out who they are and who they are meant to be and they are trying to figure out what their place in the world is. Something that plays a huge role in these searching is the feeling of being accepted. Physical development doesnt occur on a certain day at a certain age with certain effects, each person starts developing at a different meter and at a different speed. This can cause feelings of embarrassment and shame so as educators, it is important to be able to speak openly and frankly about the development that takes place including their sexual development. It is ... ... and supported and at the same time should have the freedom to deny assistance. They need to feel free to try different styles and to attempt new ways of being without feeling judged or rejected. Since adolescents are in a phase where th ey imitate other people in attempt to find their own identity whilst complying to the demands placed upon them by society and striving to become their model self, the example set is one of the strongest teaching methods. By handling myself well in confrontations and conflict and by applying myself in the things that I do, I show them how they could do it and how society rewards it. I think it is important to make them aware of what kinds of differences people their age have ( i.e. The different levels of cognitive thinking and the differences in physical development) so that the extent to which they feel inferior is minimized.