Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Understanding reaction - Essay Example Bringing up what's up consistently with individuals or the work they perform will prompt individuals taking you for an unpleasant and temperamental person. It is, in this manner, practical to comprehend that it individuals are not in every case essentially off-base and a superior glance at things may uncover that you are the one on wrong. Understanding this chance calls for natural want to comprehend the different person’s perspective which gives us the sign of why the individual went about as s/he did. Such a negligible activity can go far into giving critical comprehension of the other individual. It is consistently a test for a great many people to see both their perspective and that one of the other party. A fundamental human need is the inclination of significance. Causing somebody to feel significant is an alluring method to begin any correspondence. The individual typically will be thankful for such affirmation building up a decent ground to receive something as a byproduct of appreciation. That turns into a key system in business particularly in advertising. Causing the client to feel essential to the business will encourage a sentiment of proprietorship and belongingness and expanded certainty of the client. Support is empowered when the gathering included feels that they are viewed as savvy or significant. Somebody will in general like you the more for a positive supplement. Ceaseless and consistent affirmation and praises will have a colossal alluring result of the other party or even client conduct. An undertaking ought to endeavor to cause clients to feel significant instead of demanding their significance to the client. Such a demonstration draws in regard from clients and co nsequently grants impact to the negotiating advantages. Inability to acknowledge others can incite them to wander into boundaries of conduct, become lawbreakers and even crazy. They will in general live in their envisioned universes where they feel significant as opposed to confronting the raising truth of

Everglades national park Essay Example for Free

Everglades national park Essay National Park extends more than 1. illion sections of land and is the biggest wild in the Southeast. Wetlands and bogs spread portion of the land which contains 10,000 islands! The Everglades, called the River of Grass on the grounds that the territory is to a great extent a stream once in a while 60 miles wide, isn't a bog or marsh. In the previous hundred years, individuals have been diving channels and building dams in the Everglades so they could remove water from it. They assembled such huge numbers of waterways and depleted so much water that the characteristic stream is intruded. Acadia National Park Acadia National Park was built up in 1919 by President Wilson, initially called as Lafayette National Park. Acadia National Park is situated on Mount Desert and covers half of the island. This park is the principal park east of the Mississippi waterway. 120 miles in Acadia National Park are climbing and biking trails, angling, rock climbing, and sailing. The most elevated mountain in it is the Cadillac Mountain and the briefest is the Flying Mountain. Jordans Pond is the most profound lake at 150 feet down. Acadia National Park is the tenth most visited National Park. A National Park is a recreation center the administration assumes up the liability of. National Parks are worked to safeguard land and instruct individuals on nature.

15 Great Nonfiction Books By Women (And the Best Time to Read Them)

15 Great Nonfiction Books By Women (And the Best Time to Read Them) One of my favorite things about being a reader is finding the perfect book at the perfect time. Whether it’s a book that scratches the right itch or a book that answers a question we didn’t know we were asking, a book read in a particular moment can resonate throughout our lives. Inspired by fellow Rioter Kelly Jensen’s list of nonfiction on girls, women and feminism, I want to recommend some memoirs, essay collections, and personal nonfiction that I think will land perfectly during particular moments in life. Here are 15 of my favorites: When You’re Approaching College Graduation The Opposite of Loneliness by Marina Keegan â€" The Opposite of Loneliness is a collection of short stories and essays were published after 22-year-old Keegan died in a car accident just after her graduation from Yale. Each of them, but especially the essay that went viral shortly after her death, capture that particular feeling of being on the cusp of adulthood, scared and excited and apprehensive and optimistic all at the same time. Very Good Lives by J.K. Rowling â€" This slim little book is a published version of J.K. Rowling’s 2008 commencement address at Harvard University. The published version has lovely illustrations, and is a good reminder, at a moment when life seems full of possibilities, to approach the world knowing that failure is a necessary part of life. When You’re Struggling at Adulting Dont Worry, It Gets Worse by Alida Nugent â€" These essays are a super funny look at some of what it takes to make the tumbling, awkward transition from the college cocoon into the real world. Highly recommended if you are working towards being a “mature and responsible adult that definitely never eats peanut butter straight from the jar and considers it a meal.” Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns) by Mindy Kaling â€" I feel like the question Kaling picked for the title of this book is exactly the question I asked every day during my mid-twenties. Kaling is a funny writer, not afraid to admit her shortcomings while sharing her experiences on work and life. I found this one lots of fun when I read it. When You’re Making A Big Career Leap Why Not Me? by Mindy Kaling â€" Why Not Me? is Kaling’s second book, and it definitely has a more grown-up feel to it. While it still has a sense of humor, Kaling spends more time grappling with the way adulthood affects our work and our relationships. The book also feels less apologetic â€" both for being written and in the advice Kaling offers â€" which is a quality I’m trying to emulate as a woman on the cusp of turning 30. Lean In by Sheryl Sandberg â€" One of the anecdotes that stuck with me from Lean In, Sheryl Sandberg’s manifesto is this one: “Women apply for jobs where they feel like they meet 100 percent of the criteria, while men apply for jobs where they feel like they meet 60 percent of the criteria. Because of this difference in perception, women sometimes self-select themselves out of promotions or new opportunities that men will seize.” This book can be a little frustrating in that it doesn’t take on the major structural issues that challenge women at work, but it does provide good, practical advice for succeeding in the workplace today. When You’re Considering Your Future Family Plans Why Have Kids? by Jessica Valenti â€" In contrast, feminist and new mom Jessica Valenti looks at the big questions that are often asked about parenting and the impact that having kids has on happiness and life satisfaction. Selfish, Shallow and Self-Absorbed, edited by Meghan Daum â€" This is a collection of essays by writers (both men and women) on their decisions not to have children. While probably good at many ages, I think it has resonance for women at around the time society says your biological clock is ticking and the decision about whether to start a family starts to feel imminent. Spinster: Making a Life of Ones Own by Kate Bolick â€" Or, maybe your life path isn’t going towards kids or even a long-term, committed partner. In this book, Bolick celebrates the pleasures of being an unmarried woman and looks at how attitudes about women and marriage have changed. When You’re in a Rut Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes â€" A couple years ago, TV maven Shonda Rhimes discovered that she had become a person who constantly said no. After some introspection, she decided to start a year of saying yes to everything, a quest that started with accepting invitations and eventually led to losing more than 100 pounds and adopting a more joyful life. This book is a kick in the pants. Hammer Head by Nina MacLaughlin â€" During her 20s, Nina MacLaughlin spent most of her time sitting behind a desk as a newspaper reporter. Impulsively, she responded to a Craigslist ad asking for a carpenter’s assistant. In this book, she chronicles her career change and meditates on the nature of work in a way that’s just so inspiring and interesting. When You’re Thinking About Aging/Mortality Smoke Gets In Your Eyes (And Other Lessons from the Crematory) by Caitlin Doughty â€" In her early 20s, Caitlin Doughty took a job at a family-owned crematorium in California. The book is very funny (and often gross), but also an interesting argument for changing our relationship with death and dying. Knocking on Heaven’s Door by Katy Butler â€" In order to have a routine but necessary medical procedure performed, Katy Butler’s aging father was fitted with a pacemaker. This pacemaker kept his heart beating strongly while his mind and the rest of his body began to fail. Butler uses her family’s experience with the medical industry to look at the culture of over-intervention and how it affects our choices as we age. When You’re Reading Through Grief The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion â€" This book, Joan Didion’s account of the year after her husband John Dunne’s sudden death, is incredibly difficult to read. But it’s also one of the best books I’ve ever read that captures the irrationality that is a hallmark of deep grieving and manages to recount their relationship with deep love and tenderness. Wave by Sonali Deraniyagala â€" On December 26, 2004, Sonali Deraniyagala and her family â€" her husband, her two sons and her parents â€" were vacationing at a beach resort in Sri Lanka. In just a few frantic, horrifying minutes, her entire family was killed in  as a devastating tsunami ravaged the landscape.  Deraniyagala’s prose is clear and simple, but her emotions reach out from every page. P.S. The framing of this list isn’t to say that you can’t read this books at different times â€" you do you, obviously! â€" but to recognize that life experiences affect how we read certain books and can affect the impact. Enjoy!

The Sociology Of Deviance, Kai T. Erikson - 1563 Words

Among any community there is a set of boundaries that must be respected under penalty of being labeled as deviant. Consequently, a community will create agencies of control in order to punish and fight against all the forms of behavior considered as deviant. In his Study in the Sociology of Deviance, Kai T. Erikson defends the point that deviant forms of behavior are a natural and beneficial part of social life. One of his main arguments is that, in our modern society, â€Å"the agencies of control often seem to define their job as that of keeping deviance within bounds rather than obliterating it altogether† (Wayward Puritans 24:2). Now, what if society gave to its agencies of control the role of annihilating deviance? What if the set of†¦show more content†¦It is a perfect example because the story takes place in an environment of integral conformity and describes a scene of pure deviance where Vonnegut’s disseminated strong messages. By analyzing Vonnegutâ⠂¬â„¢s short story with the help of both â€Å"The social animal† by Eliott Aronson and â€Å"Wayward Puritans† by Kai T. Erikson we will point all the wrong aspects of perfect conformity in a first paragraph. And, in a second paragraph, we will discuss more about the importance of deviance by analyzing the last scene. Across the whole text we have information that makes us deduct how absurd life turns out to be when everyone ends up being equal in every way. For example as the text states, April drove people crazy for not being springtime yet. Or also, George and Hazel’s lives turned out to be just an eternal moment of amnesia: since George is endowed of an intelligence superior to the norm, he has to wear a mental handicap radio in his ear that emits a sound to erase his thoughts every 20 seconds or so. In other words, because of the new Amendments, George leads a life comparable to one of goldfish who is wondering in his fish tank. Is it really worth to pay such a price so that everyone is equal? Being equal made everyone renounce to a part of their most fundamental liberties and also to the beauty of arts. For example, the ballerinas shown on television make a poorShow MoreRelatedSociology: Value Conflict1346 Words   |  6 PagesSociology ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Running Head: SOCIOLOGY Sociology ï ¿ ½ Sociology Value Conflict Objectivity means that the conclusions arrived at as the result of inquiry and investigation are independent of the race, color, creed, occupation, nationality, religion, moral preference and political predisposition of the investigator. If hi research is truly objective, it is independent of any subjective elements; any personal desires that he may have. Having said that, one can argue whetherRead MoreWayward Puritans Book Review Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesAs a sociologist, Kai T. Erikson looks at history as a reflection of changes in societal norms and expectations. Erikson re-visits his look at historical happenings of the Puritans in his novel â€Å"Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance†. By examining several â€Å"crime waves† throughout history, Erikson points out several aspects of how we see deviance. After researching Puritan lifestyle and the corresponding influences of deviance, Erikson explores the Antinomian Controversy, the QuakerR ead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesHutchinson. In Kai T. Erikson’s article, â€Å"Wayward Puritans. A Study in the Sociology of Deviance,† they write about the major controversies that centered in the Puritan Massachusetts colony. One such controversy involved a woman named Anne Hutchinson and her congregation. She and her followers argued against the idea of predestination, your position in the afterlife is predetermined since the moment one is born and that the clergy can distinguish the saved from the damned. Like Kai T. Erikson says, â€Å"ItRead More How Crime and Deviance Can Be Seen As Functional for Society1723 Words   |  7 Pages Crime and deviance are acts that will elicit dissent from society. They take various forms and involve various concepts and theories. It will be the aim of this paper to explore those that are considered to be functional for society. It was Emile Durkheim who first clearly established the logic behind the functional approach to the study of crime and deviance[1] when he wrote The Rules of Sociological Method and The Division of Labour[2]. In those works, DurkheimRead MoreMarx and Durkheim’s Views Contributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? 899 Words   |  4 PagesHow have Marx and Durkheim’s Views Contributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? Karl Marx’s Marxist theory and Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory were both significant in their own ways and therefore made a large contribution to our perception and understanding of how crime and deviance occurs and is dealt with in society. The Marxist theory on crime was focused on the concept that the huge shift towards a capitalist society was the root cause and driving force behind the formationRead MoreWhy Class And Race Affected Me Right Away Essay2471 Words   |  10 Pagesit was often inferred that I did not want to pay for it or that I did not value the class. Sociologist Kai T. Erikson writes â€Å"The deviant is a person whose activities have moved outside the margins of the group, and when the community calls him to account for that vagrancy, it is making a statement about the nature and placement of its boundaries†. (Kai T. Erikson, â€Å"On the Sociology of Deviance† in Deviant Behavior, P.65) My classmates and I were treated like deviants. A lot of my classmates endedRead MoreLabeling Theory3326 Words   |  14 PagesDeviance, like beauty, is in the eyes of the beholder. There is nothing inherently deviant in any human act, something is deviant only because some people have been successful in labelling it so. J. L Simmons The definition of the situation implies that if you define a situation as real, it is real only in its consequences. INTRODUCTION Labelling theory, stemming from the influences of Cooley, Mead, Tannenbaum, and Lemert, has its origins somewhere within the context of the twentieth century. HoweverRead More Evaluation of Sociological Theories Essay1854 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluation of Sociological Theories Deviance can be described as: Nonconformity with existing/traditional social norms. This nonconformity is often said to be pathological when it challenges power and privilege; yet it is said to be indicative of innovation or creativity when the gatekeepers of morality approve it. A loaded term, deviancy is a negative asset when the environment is stable but can be a positive asset to a society when the environment is irreversibly

Organizational Conflict An Array Of Varied Cultures

Organizational Conflict Deborah Leupold BUS610: Organizational Behavior Instructor: Martin McDermott December 17, 2016 The society we live in is an array of varied cultures. Wherever there is human interaction, conflict is bound to be born. Generally, these conflicts occur due to cultural differences. Sometimes, when two people or two groups from diverse cultural backgrounds come in contact to achieve an objective, their interests may come against each other’s. Conflicting interests may also bring incompatibility and inconsistency in relationships. Conflicts generally occur due to incompatibility of goals or different interpretation of facts. Whenever a conflict takes place, it should be managed actively. There can be other†¦show more content†¦Something similar happened here too. Since, the employee’s salary incentives were bound with his performance review of the month, and a negative review affected his salary negatively, it led to demotivation and fury. The employee was angry over his supervisor for the bad review. The situation became sensitive due to a heated argument bet ween the manager and his subordinate. To some extent the reason behind this conflict was also interpersonal and it was perceived that the situation may have arisen due to some basic personal differences between the two. The employee’s point was that the manager had been setting too ambitious target for him which was leading to failure. Moreover, the necessary guidance was also not being provided by the manager which could help the employee achieve his target. If the employee felt that the target was too high or ambitious, he could have said so before this happened. And the manager could have offered more ways to reach the target and showed the employee that it was not too high. The situation kept growing sensitive till one of the senior officials of the organization intervened and as a first step of negotiation through a meeting tried to bring in some understanding between the manager and his employee. It appeared that the employee was feeling like he wasShow MoreRelatedChallenges of Strategy Implementation1316 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus. It is an operations activity. Strategy execution really tests a CEO or entrepreneur’s skills. It tests their ability to direct organizational change, motivate people, develop capabilities and develop an organizational culture to support the strategy. What makes strategy execution tougher is this range of activities that needs to be performed and the varied skills need to perform them - people skills being the foremost. Just because the management has decided on strategy does not mean thatRead MoreClass Lecture On Diversity : The Fundamental Understanding Of Race, Class, And Gender Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween races, sexes and cultures is due to mistrust, stereotyping, and more within-culture conversation and language problems. When these problems are not paid attention to it may lead to an inability to endorse ideas, the inability to gain agreement on decisions, and inability to take united action. In the educational system it is very important that there is a wide array of diverse groups in the classroom, Learning something new about a culture they may not be familiarRead MoreThe Impact Of An Effective Leadership On The Realization Of An Initiated Innovation3183 Words   |  13 Pageswill be focused upon include a brief rationale of my change agenda, leadership styles and theories, challenges and barriers encountered, and the concept of Emotional intelligence. Personal qualities of a leader, individual and organizational values, behaviours and culture will be reflected upon throughout the assignment and its relevance in regards to my change initiative. Finally, the impact of an effective leadership on the performance of individuals, team and service users care and outcomes willRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace5680 Words   |  23 PagesSURFACE LEVEL DIVERSITY, DEEP LEVEL DIVERSITY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ABSTRACT Surface level diversity is the mixture of people who differentiate by sex, race or ethnicity, and the observably physically disabled. These differences typically cannot be changed and are easy to measure because they are visual. Deep level diversity are differences such as personality and attitudes that can be communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Diversity can be affiliated with socio-economicRead MoreThe Retention And Succession Planning3788 Words   |  16 Pagesselecting prospective leaders, growing the potential of these individuals, and, lastly, evaluating the individuals and the program (Titzer et al., 2013). Griffith (2012) adds that effective succession planning is done in such a way that the organizational culture, vision, and commitment are maintained in subsequent leaders. Efficiency, efficacy, and capability are the biomarkers of leaders developed through programs that have effectively implemented succession planning programs. Overall cost and patientRead MoreAreas of Knowledge of Hrm11342 Words   |  46 Pagesall issues. - Constant checking and re-checking of rules and regulations - There should be no discrimination in enforcing rules and regulations - Preventive measures should be encouraged - Proper communication is essential. - Conflict resolution machinery should be effective Causes of Indiscipline - A wrong man on the wrong job - Favoritism, godfatherism and other personal influences. - Absence of genuine communication. - Lack of lead or leadership - AwkwardRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior6990 Words   |  28 PagesOrganizational Theory and Behavior  © 1993, David S. Walonick, Ph.D. Classical Organization Theory Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called Taylorism) at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefullyRead MoreHuman Relation Essay9189 Words   |  37 Pageswork of many years and many people, it contains a huge amount of variation and nuance (some of it extremely interesting) 1 This same disjuncture is present in relation to Taylor’s work (and scholarly commentaries on it) and that of many other organizational theorists. It isn’t a matter of saying that the received version is deficient in detail or scholarship. They are different things for different purposes. Apart from anything else, received versions are simpler and more memorable. In many waysRead MoreChange Management5965 Words   |  24 Pagestechnology or organizational change. Change management is not a stand-alone technique for improving organizational performance. It is important to note what change management is and what change management is not, as defined by the majority of research participants. Change management is a necessary component for any organizational performance improvement process to succeed, including programs like: Six Sigma, Business Process Reengineering, Total Quality Management, Organizational Development, RestructuringRead Moreeffect of workforce diversity on employee performance in anorganization6665 Words   |  27 PagesPopulation 19 Table 3.2 sample size 19 â€Æ' LIST OF FIGURES Fig 2.1: Theoretical framework 9 Fig 2.2: conceptual framework 15 Fig2.3: operational framework 17 â€Æ' ABSTRACT Diversity is increasingly recognized and utilized as an important organizational resource in regards to whether the goal is to be an employer of choice, to provide excellent customer service, or to maintain a competitive edge. Workplace diversity is a multi-faceted concept that will continue to evolve as more industries move

Terms Comparison Paper Hcs 552 Free Essays

Terms Comparison Paper HCS/552 February 4, 2013 John J. Schibler Terms Comparison Paper Health care economics involves making plenty of choices. Individuals, groups, businesses, and organizations choose how to use resources . We will write a custom essay sample on Terms Comparison Paper Hcs 552 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economics and health care are linked, because health care professionals apply economics in their everyday professional activities. They are able to do this through resource allocation. Any health care organization has to plan out how they will use their resources to their advantage. Health care economics are able to incorporate terms like cost, quality, and resources. In this paper, I will compare these terms as they relate to health care economics. In this paper, I will also explain how they differ from one another. Resources are considered to be any physical thing or virtual element that has limited availability. A resource can also be anything that is used to help people earn a living. There are different types of resources such as human resources, and natural resources. In economics, human resources refer t human capital or employees in an organization (Getzen, 2007). Many times resources are considered to be a means of factors of production. When health care organization is in production of something, natural resources are being used. Resources are usually limited, and most organizations have to look for ways of allocating resources that they need. Resources in health care means that all materials and funds are used to provide health care for people. The term â€Å"resource† has similar meaning in health care and economics. When used in health care, it means that all materials and funds are used to provide health care. When referring to the economic portion of health care, resource means that they are the personnel, the funds, facilities, or any material used in production. Another similarity is that resources are limited and they have value. For example, funds, as well as personnel are limited, and they may hinder delivery of health care services and productivity. Most people prefer to have quality health care. Quality may also have many different meanings. Quality in health care economics means the superiority of something. This can also mean the best of something. Quality in health care can be determined by determining if the health care is a great fit for the person. Quality of health care can be considered as the right treatment for the right illness, and also delivering health care at the right time. Quality in health care economics means to give the best health care possible. Getzen (2007), states that medicine often involves life and death situations (p. 12). In these situations, quality is crucial and quantity is irrelevant (Getzen, 2007). Quality cannot simply be added up or multiplied to arrive at a total spending limit. In medical care, getting more ounces or pounds or boxes or whatever is usually not very important, but getting higher quality is. When referring to health care economics, â€Å"cost† refers to the funds that are used to deliver health care to patients. Cost can also mean the amount of funds used to access health care or to deliver health care (Getzen, 2007). It is applied in many different ways such as, health care professionals applying economic principles like cost benefit analysis, or cost effect analysis to determine if the choice is good or bad. The principles help the government to provide the best intervention in health care (Getzen, 2007). In conclusion, all the terms are interlinked when discussing health care economics. This is so and will always be so, because health care professionals always apply economic principles in health care. All of these terms help when deciding how to make and provide the correct interventions when making difficult decisions. When referring to resources, it has the same meaning when dealing with health care as well as economics alone. It means, materials, funds, employees and the facilities used in achieving goals set by the health care organization. While the term cost means something differently when separating health care and economics it all ties in when they are applied together in an organization. Cost means the funds used to deliver health care or when a patient is trying to access health care. Costs can also be rejected when making decisions about health care. Quality means to give the best possible when delivering care to a patient as well as when making decisions about a health care organization. All of these terms are the same in making health care economical decisions. We depend on all the terms in this paper when trying to make an ethical decision as it relates to health care and health care organizations. The essence of health care economics is simply trade or making a buck (Getzen, 2007). Its focal point will always be the market and the place where buyers and sellers exchange dollars for goods and services (Getzen, 2007). References Getzen, T. E. (2007). Health, economics, and financing (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons. http://www. healthcarefinance. org/HEtext_files/chap01. pdf How to cite Terms Comparison Paper Hcs 552, Papers

Effectiveness of Pay for Performance

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Pay for Performance. Answer: Introduction For workers globally, a high pay acts a motivating instrument for better work performance and enhanced productivity. In labor economics, the efficiency wage hypothesis highlights the fundamental relationship between workers performance and their pay. By and large, it elucidates that paying workers beyond the market clearing rate helps to increase employee productivity and boost their morale. Furthermore, the model suggests that organizations should offer their workers higher wages than the equilibrium wage to enhance workplace cohesiveness, reduce shirking, and increase employee responsibility and loyalty to the firm. In contrast, paying wages below the market rate will result in employee dissatisfaction, increase shirking and escalate the turnover rate. Overall, the theory suggests that offering employees higher wages than the market rate is beneficial to both the firm and the worker. Notably, paying wages and salaries is one of the major costs of running a company. Normally, in a competitive labor market, the remunerations of the employees are dictated by the forces of demand and supply[1]. Thus, such markets offer its workforce an equilibrium wage. However, this phenomenon is not usually existent and applicable in the modern economy. Instead, the actual amounts that employers pay its employees vary significantly from one firm to another. For this reason, the efficiency wages theory provides an illumination to the fact that it might be beneficial for firms to pay its workers more than the equilibrium wage. More specifically, if the business pays its workers a high wage, they work harder and produce more output than if they are paid the market rate. Therefore, according to this hypothesis, there is a positive relationship between worker productivity and pay. The Concept of Pay for Performance To a large extent, the theory of efficiency wages serves as a justification as to why certain organizations prefer to pay workers more than prevailing market rate. Profoundly, paying employees a pay premium boosts their efficiency, increases workplace unity, enhances loyalty and moderates shirking[2]. Conversely, low wages contribute substantially to reduced productivity and worker dissatisfaction which may then give rise to shirking, disruption as well as high turnover rates[3]. In this regard, there are various efficiency wage models that help illustrate the relationship between pay and performance. Currently, the most prominent models include the shirking model, labor turnover model, the adverse selection model and the sociological hypothesis. The Shirking Model In most occupations, the labor force has some discretions regarding its performance. Mainly, these discretions arise from the fact that work contracts cannot explicitly specify all characteristics of an employees performance[4]. For this reason, piece rates become unrealistic because monitoring may be too expensive or imprecise. Furthermore, they may not be viable since the basis on which they are founded are not verifiable by employees, thus generating the problem of moral hazard. Consequently, in this case, the payment of a wage that is above the equilibrium wage acts as a way for businesses to offer its workers motivation to work. According to Cheat-threat theory,' employees can choose to work or not to work. However, employees who do not work run the risk of getting caught, which may, in turn, lead to loss of their jobs[5]. Hence, if there is a risk associated with shirking, the fear of being caught and fired motivates the employees not to shirk. Instead, they would remain diligent in their work. Conversely, if all firms paid the same wages to its workers, and the labor market operates at full employment, then there would be no cost associated with shirking[6]. In turn, this would create an incentive for workers to shun their duties. For this reason, it is beneficial for the firm to raise its wages over and above the market clearing rate as it eliminates shirking. When all companies do this, then the level of wages rises while the unemployment increases. Notably, firms prefer to hire workers at wages above the market price. If the organization were to employ personnel at lower wages, it would be beneficial for the employee to abscond his duties. Given that the firm is aware of this, it maintains a relatively high wage portfolio for its workers to avoid discretions on the employees part[7]. Since all firms raise their salaries to prevent shirking, involuntary unemployment may arise. Subsequently, the prevalence of high unemployment in the market increases the opportunity cost associated with shirking. More precisely, it creates a small or no alternative income for the unemployed, which makes losing ones job more costly. In turn, this serves as an instrument that disciplines workers against shirking. Critics of the model argue that moral hazards may shift to employers. Fundamentally, organizations are responsible for monitoring employees efforts. Thus, unambiguous incentives may arise for organizations to proclaim shirking even when the workers work diligently. Typically, firms may have reasons to fire older employees and replace them with more energetic younger workers. Particularly, one can attribute this to the fact that older workers are often paid above their marginal productivity level, thus creating substantial costs for the firm. As a result, this may create credibility problems in the firm. However, the gravity of this issue largely depends on the degree to which external auditors can evaluate employees efforts. This way, companies may reduce their cheating and declare shirking among its workers only when it is true. Labour Turnover Model Aside from reducing shirking, the firm may also offer above average wages to reduce the costs of labor turnover. Prominently, the formal structure of the two models is almost similar. More specifically, workers will be more keen on maintaining their current employment if it offers a high wage above the average wage rate[8]. Also, they would be discouraged from quitting their employment if the economy depicts a high aggregate unemployment rate. Thus, if all firms offer an equal pay above the equilibrium rate, then there would be a high rate of involuntary unemployment. Consequently, this would serve as a deterrence for a high turnover since employees would prefer to maintain their current wages than becoming unemployed. Contrary to this view, Salop provides an alternative solution for the involuntary unemployment. More precisely, he argues that more sophisticated job contracts may offer Pareto-superior solutions to the problem[9]. Instead of paying both new and old workers an identical wage, the firm may differentiate their salaries. Thus, the new employees should be offered a pay equal to the disparity between training costs their marginal product. Specifically, a seniority salary system may help achieve this. Unlike in the shirking model, a training or employment fee may be initiated to reduce the risk of a moral hazard[10]. According to this model, it is not in the interest of the firm to dismiss its trained workers, as it would be disadvantageous. As such, training costs are expensive for the firm, and thus, try to avoid them as much as possible. The business may also draw explicit term contracts with the employee to insure themselves against high labor turnover. Besides, the great pay and salar ies offered by the firm act as a perfect deterrent to turnover as workers who to remain in employment than become unemployed. Adverse Selection Model Remarkably, this model further builds on the concept of pay for performance by highlighting the relationship between wages and employee productivity. Performance highly depends on workers abilities and the labor force has a heterogeneous ability. Notably, the workers reservation wage and their ability are positively correlated. Thus, firms offer high pay attract skilled applicants. Mainly, this model assumes that each firm compensates its workers with an efficiency wage. For this reason, the employer rejects persons who offer their expertise for below average wages. Predominantly, one can attribute this to the fact that employees who offer their services and expertise below the market clearing wage have doubt in their ability to perform productively, thereby raising the firms suspicion that they are unproductive. Primarily, this model provides that wage rigidity may be as a result of social principles and conventions of proper actions that are not typically individualistic. More profoundly, employees effort relies on their work standards[11]. Likewise, the partial gift exchange model suggests that the business can be successful in enhancing the average work effort and elevate group work norms by offering its employees a gift. In this case, the gift is a salary above the equilibrium wage rate to award employees for their effort above the minimum expectation. Predominantly, this hypothesis applies to public sector workers and firms. According to economic literature, monetary incentives may crowd in workers enthusiasm when they view the rewards as an acknowledgment of their high productivity and effort[12]. This way, both the employer and employee benefit from higher wages. Characteristically, the worker thrives on the feeling of acknowledgment and appreciation while the firm benefits from a hig her level of worker productivity. Application of Efficiency Wages in Real life For a long time now, economic models and theories have been implemented in the real world to achieve desired objectives for the firm and the economy as a whole. In the same way, the efficiency wage hypothesis is applied in various enterprises and sectors of the economy to achieve improved productivity, enhance labor force morale and reduce turnovers[13]. One famous example of the application of the theory of efficiency wages is Henry Fords US$5-a-day wage[14]. Notably, Ford Motors utilized the model to reduce the high turnover ratio that the company was experiencing. Often, working in the assembly sector is tedious and repetitive, thus unattractive for many workers. As a result, the firm was spending a lot of money in training new workers now and then[15]. New workers were also slow and less productive compared to old workers. Indeed, this was too expensive for Ford Motors. Eventually, the firm introduced an efficiency wage to reduce the high turnover and ultimately drive down costs associated with training new workers. Hence, it compensated its employees with a pay above the market-clearing rate for their skill level. Sequentially, this brought about significant benefits for the company[16]. First, the company achieved a lower turnover of its workers. What is more, the workers exhibited better performance of their duties which significantly improved their productivity. Eventually, the firm achieved high productivity alongside reduced training costs following the reduction of the turnover rate of its labor force. Conclusion Normally, in the contemporary business world, firms seek to maximize their profitability by minimizing costs and maximizing productivity. Essentially, the efficiency wage theory provides a foundation for businesses to achieve this goal[17]. As a whole, the hypothesis depicts the effectiveness of pay for performance incentives and highlights how incentive compensation is essential to business. In addition, it outlines the various benefits associated with paying workers an efficiency wage. Typically, by paying its workers a salary above the market clearing rate, the firm can achieve high employee productivity, improved workplace cohesiveness, enhanced employees loyalty and responsibility. Furthermore, a favorable pay helps the organization in reducing the level of shirking among its employees. If the firm pays its employees low wages, it runs the risk of creating worker dissatisfaction and diminished employee loyalty which in turn results in high turnover. Typically, high turnovers are expensive and disadvantageous for the firm. Therefore, all factors considered, it is highly imperative for a company to pay its workers a high wage to induce high performance. Generally, this is explained in the adverse selection model, sociological model, labor turnover hypothesis and the shirking model[18]. Through these examples, one can understand that the firm reaps more benefits from paying its workers above average wages since it results in greater productivity while significantly reducing costs. For this reason, it is rational to portend that pay for performance in both public and private sector firms will result in high profitability of organizations. Thus, companies should endeavor to pay its workers an efficiency wage, pay for performance. Bibliography Alfred, Marshall. Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan, 2008. Beggs, Jodi. The Efficiency-Wage Theory. ThoughtCo, 2014 Fan, Simon. Sticky Wage, Efficiency Wage, and Keynesian Unemployment. Journal of Economic Literature Classification E24, no. J64 (1984): 1-26 Kumar, Manoj. Top 3 Theories of Wages. Economics Discussions, 2012. Kurtzman, Ellen, OLeary Dennis, Sheingold, Brenda, Devers Kelly, Ellen, Dawson and Johnson, Jean. Performance-Based Payment Incentives Increase Burden and Blame For Hospital Nurses. Health Affairs, 2011. Lawrence Katz. Efficiency Wage Theories: A Partial Evaluation. National Bureau of Economic Research 1906 (1986): 1-62. Mankiv, Gregory, and Taylor, Mark. Macroeconomics. Europe, 2008. Megan, McArdle. Push for higher wages: Not all will benefit. Bloomberg, n.d. Morgensen, Gretchen. Pay for Performance? It Depends on the Measuring Stick. The New York Times, 2014. Pacitti, Aaron. Efficiency Wages, Unemployment and Labor Discipline. Journal of Business Economics Research 9, no. 3 (2011): 1-10. Salop, Stephen. A Model of the Natural Rate of Unemployment. American Economic Review 69, no. 1 (1979): 119-120 Stephen, Miller. Study: Keys to Effective Performance Pay. Society For Human Resource Management, 2010. Stiglitz, Joseph. Alternative Theories of Wage Determination and Unemployment in LDC'S: The Labor Turnover Model. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 88, no. 2 (1978): 199-220. Taylor, Jeanette, and Ranald, Taylor. Working Hard for More Money or Working Hard to Make a Difference? Efficiency Wages, Public Service Motivation, and Effort. Review of Public Personnel Administration 31, no. 1 (2011): 67-86 Yellen, L Janet. Efficiency Wage Models of Unemployment. The American Economic Review 74, no. 2 (1984): 200-205.

Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides Essay Example

Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides Paper Linsay Gonzalez Mrs. Bean AP English, Period 4 02 January 2010 Middlesex â€Å"Poseidon, enraged, caused Mino’s wife Pasiphae to be smitten with love for a bull. How the child of that union, Asterius, came out with a bull’s head attached to a human body†¦The Minotaur appeared†¦He growled; drums pounded; chorus girls screamed and fled. The Minotaur pursued, and of course he caught them, each one, and devoured her bloodily, and dragged her pale, defenseless body deeper into the maze† (Minotaurs, 108). Allusion Jeffrey Eugenides was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1960. His father was American but his grandparents were Greek and his mother was from Irish decent. He drew some of his own experiences and incorporated them into the novel to make it more realistic and credible (Keenan). There are a lot of similarities between the main character and Eugenides like both attended public school and then transferred to private. They both state that they attended to Stanford and as older men they fall in love with a Japanese-American woman (Bloomsbury). A remarkable connection is the Obscure Object. In an interview, Eugenides remarks that during college he and his friend were in love with a mysterious woman and they named her the Obscure Object (Weich). As a fourteen year old, Callie has a crush on a classmate whom she also calls the Obscure Object and she is the cause of Callie’s life to finally spiral out of control. Eugenides admits to placing himself in Callie’s shoes in order to make the next step (Weich). Imagery: It is 1922 and the Turks have invaded Greece. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They take over Smyrna and are destroying everything in their path without compassion. Coming back from delivering a baby, â€Å"it didn’t occur to Dr. Philobosian that the twisted body he stepped over in the street belonged to his younger son. He noticed only that his front door was open. In the foyer, he stopped to listen. There was only silence†¦Toukhie was sitting in the sofa, waiting for him. Her head had fallen backward as though in hilarity, the angle opening the wound so that a section of windpipe gleamed†¦Dr. Philobosian took a step and slipped, then noticed a trail of blood leading down the hallway†¦ He followed the trail into the master bedroom, where he found his two daughters†¦Rose’s hand reached out toward her sister as though to adjust the silver ribbon across her forehead† (An Immodest Proposal; 60-61). The images it describes are gruesome and despairing. Just the idea of him not knowing that he stepped over his son without recognizing him is unbearable. This passage expresses a disturbing and melancholy tone. Disturbing because of the cold blooded way the soldiers killed them and melancholy because the doctor lost every single person he loved. Diction: Callie is spending a week with the Obscure Object in her summer home and during the night, instinct and desire take over her, motivating her to experiment with the emotions she’s been feeling. As she approaches the Obscure Object she reminiscences, â€Å"tiny muscles in my flank, muscles I hadn’t known I possessed, suddenly made themselves available. They propelled me millimeter by millimeter across the sheets. The old bedsprings gave me trouble. As I tried nonchalantly to advance, they called out ribald encouragement. They cheered, they sang. I kept stopping and starting† (The Gun on the Wall; 383). This passage contributes to theme. Callie thinks she is discovering her sexuality but she is really discovering her gender identity. The diction gives a tone of amusement and self-discovering. Syntax: When the Turks invaded Greece in 1922, they not only ransacked, raided, and vandalized the city but they also burned everything in their path. The omniscient Calliope points out that â€Å"the smell of things burning that aren’t meant to burn wafts across the city: shoe polish rat poison, toothpaste, piano strings, hernia trusses, baby cribs, Indian clubs. And hair and skin. By this time, hair and skin† (An Immodest Proposal; 57). First the author gives you a list of normal household things burning but instead of adding a comma after â€Å"Indian clubs† he ends with a period. This is to setup up a more important idea. The omniscient narrator says it with a casual tone and with the period there is a pause leaving a little doubt. It is to give a more lasting impact. By repeating the statement, the narrator has an assertive tone, affirming what is happening true. Characterization: Beginning- Over the summer of sixth grade, most of Callie’s classmates have â€Å"developed† but she doesn’t pay much attention assuming that her moment will arrive. A year later she is still the same and in an impetuous moment, a frantic Calliope throws â€Å"a tantrum-edged scream. Twelve-year-old feet running up the stairs, while Tessie called out, ‘don’t be so dramatic, Callie. We’ll get you a bra if you want. ’ Up into my bedroom, where after locking the door, I pulled off my shirt before the mirror to see†¦that my mother was right. Nothing! Nothing at all to hold up anything. And I burst into tears of frustration and rage† (The Mediterranean Diet; 288). This shows Callie as immature, confused, and with low self-esteem. At a young age, Calliope becomes enraged because she doesn’t understand why her body isn’t developing. She is perplexed and desperate because she is at an age when the only important thing is to belong. Middle- After discovering that she is a male and is offered a cosmetic surgery to be able to keep living as a girl, Callie or Cal, decides to run away and renounce that life. After almost a year of disappearing Cal reflects that â€Å"unlike other so-called male pseudo-hermaphrodites who have been written about in the press, I never felt out of place being a girl. I still don’t feel entirely at home among men. Desire made me cross over to the other side, desire and the facticity of my body†¦Biology gives you a brain. Life turns it into a mind† (Hermaphroditus; 479). At fourteen years old, Calliope has matured and understands what goes on in her body. He is able to make reflections on his decisions. Cal is brave because after running away not only does he worry about money, but also has to forget being a girl and learn the ways of men. He now takes responsibility of his actions instead of letting his parents choose who he will be. Cal is attempting to accept who he is. End: Cal has never had any real relationship because just when things were going to get serious he fled before any woman even got near to know the truth about him. With Julie he to a plunge. Cal remarks, â€Å"I was trying to keep up the banter. I was also taking off my clothes. So was Julie. It was like jumping into cold water. You had to do it without thinking too much. We got under the covers and held each other, petrified, happy† (The Last Stop; 514). Cal finally accepts himself as a male but with both male and female genitalia. He has not had surgery. He has accepted himself but he is afraid of rejections, of being seen as a monster, of being treated differently. With Julie, he has proved that he is finally at peace with his body. Tone: â€Å"Every morning a great wall of fog descends upon the city of San Francisco. It begins far out sea. It forms over the Farallons, covering the sea lions on their rocks, and then it sweeps onto Ocean Beach, filling the long green bowl of Golden Gate Park. The fog obscures the early morning joggers and the lone practitioners of tai chi. It mists up the windows of the Glass Pavilion. It creeps over the entire city, over the monuments and movie theaters, over the Panhandle dope dens and the flophouses in the Tenderloin. The fog covers the pastel Victorian mansions in Pacific Heights and shrouds the rainbow-colored houses in the Haight. It walks up and down the twisting streets of Chinatown; it boards the cable cars, making their clanging bells sound like buoys; it climbs to the top of Coit Tower until you can’t see it anymore; it moves in on the Mission, where the mariachi players are still asleep; and it bothers the tourists† (Gender Dysphoria in San Francisco; 468). At first all those commas set a tempo, but by the semicolons, it’s more like the fog is moving in faster and consuming the city in its vastness. It gives a cheerless and sullen tone. The imagery makes it look like everything is silent but the fog is making a silent commotion. It reminds me of â€Å"When You’re Gone† by Avril Lavigne. The slow tempo of the piano while she sings about the person missing, the pace gets faster as she talks about hope. The violin adds a melancholy tone but the guitar adds a tone of hope. Theme: After the Watergate Scandal is made public, and the Turks attack Cyprus, Milton and his friends argue that â€Å"America betrayed the Greeks†. In the heated debate â€Å"Milton shook his head. He lowered his chin aggressively and made a little sound, a bark of disapproval, deep in his throat. ‘We have to do whatever’s in our national interest. ’ And then Milton lifted his chin and said it: ‘To hell with the Greeks. ’ In 1974, instead of reclaiming his roots by visiting Bursa, my father renounced them. Forced to choose between his native land and his ancestral one, he didn’t hesitate† (Flesh and Blood; 363). Many immigrants believed that through effort and moral values the American dream could be achieved, but many found themselves renouncing their traditions and beliefs. Here, Milton has Americanized and rejects his ethnic background. It is all about money now, not about moral values. Callie and Ethan are both trying to find themselves, to prove that they are not â€Å"monsters†. Their families have a really rich history. -In the end, they find a purpose to keep on going, Julie and Ellen. -Both of their families are going for the American Dream, wealth. -Ethan renounces his moral values and Calliope renounces life as a female. -Callie’s father and Ethan both had very dutiful wives that trusted them. Callie and Ethan are both trying to find themselves, to prove that they are not â€Å"monsters†. Their families have a really rich history. -In the end, they find a purpose to keep on going, Julie and Ellen. -Both of their families are going for the American Dream, wealth. -Ethan renounces his moral values and Calliope renounces life as a female. -Callie’s father and Ethan both had very dutiful wives that trusted them. Memor able Quote: â€Å"Ecstasy†¦meaning not what you think. Meaning not euphoria or sexual climax or even happiness. Meaning†¦being driven out of one’s senses† (Flesh and Blood; 374). Works cited The Herculine Effort That Grew. Interview by Catherine Keenan. Webcitation. org. The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 Oct. 2002. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. http://www. webcitation. org/5onHI4JBj. Jeffrey Eugenides. Bloomsbury. com. Bloomsbury Publishing. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. http://www. bloomsbury. com/jeffreyeugenides. Jeffrey Eugenides Has It Both Ways. Interview by David Weich. Powells. com. Powells City of Books, 25 Oct. 2002. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. ;http://www. powells. com/authors/eugenides. html;.

The Killer Angels of Gettysburg essays

The Killer Angels of Gettysburg essays The Killer Angels is a book about the battle at Gettysburg, a battle of the Civil War that changed it's very direction. The book is told from several points of views, going through each day and telling the stories of several officers present at the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863. The book describes their thoughts and actions in high detail and showing the reaction by the opposite confederate or union side. Before the book begins Michael gives background information on each character that shares a portion of each day. The Book begins with Bufords advancement to the hill top which soon becomes a defensive line when General Lee gets word that there are forces at Gettysburg he sends troops as leaders of northern Virginia supported by the Army of Potomac to attack creating the begging of the critical battle. The first day took place in three waves as troops from all around got word and headed to Gettysburg. It went back and forth on the first day as troops would arrive at different time the union was under a lot of pressure but maintained ground. On the second day, the Union maintained their position as the Confederate army attacked the defensive formations. Throughout the town of Gettysburg assaults where performed at Little Round Top, Devil's Den, Wheatfield(Bloody Wheatfield), Peach Orchard, Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Both sides lost many men that caused significant changes. However, the Union was still persistent and held their positions. On July 3, the battle began again at Culp's Hill. The fronts had moved just outside of the town and were now to the east and south of the town. A critical event of this day was an Assault ordered by the confederates on the Union at Cemetery Ridge containing over 12,000 infantrymen. The Confederate army couldnt handle the pressure forced back and retreated to Virginia with several casualties. After an artillery attack, Lee raided the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Th...

Juvenile Justice System of the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Justice System of the Future - Essay Example It will also talk about the challenges faced by juvenile delinquents at present time and how to improve the current juvenile justice system. A concrete plan or proposal on how to improve the current justice system is given by including the objectives, goals and how to measure the success rate. Keywords: juvenile delinquency, youth offender, crime rate, criminal justice system, trial court JUVENILE DELINQUENCY The number of juvenile delinquents or otherwise known as children in conflict with the law has significantly increased for the past decade. It has become one of the alarming problems that requires immediate attention by countries all over the world. The current situation of the justice system needs major overhaul as many children who are behind bars are not given proper care and guidance by the government to ensure that youth offenders emerge as better citizens after serving imprisonment. The primary purpose of serving sentence is for retribution for the wrong doing that they ha ve committed against the law and social order. However, the justice system should oversee that public safety will not be compromised because they are dealing with children. Towards the end of their ordeal, government support must at hand to guarantee that the youth offenders are rehabilitated and turn-out to be disciplined and responsible individuals after going through the process of trial and serving. It has been said that the nation’s hope lies on children so we must treat them with utmost compassion. Challenges of Juvenile Delinquency at Present Time â€Å"At present time, the juvenile justice system conducts the trials of the youth offenders in adult courts. In effect, they are also penalized in the same degree of judgment that is expected of adults† (Corriero, 2006 p.3). In a Supreme Court decision entitled Roper Vs. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), Justice Anthony Kennedy held that executing juveniles and imposing capital punishment for crimes committed while under 18 years of age is unconstitutional. According to him, â€Å"From a moral standpoint, it would be misguided to equate the failings of a minor child with those of an adult, for a greater possibility exists that a minor’s character deficiencies will be reformed.†( Corriero, 2006, p. 3). It is at this tender age that the youth offender still cannot exercise his discretion to decide what is right from wrong. The level of responsibility that they possess to justify their actions is nil and they cannot fully comprehend the effect of their actions. Children as seen have the tendencies to reform and change for the better compared to adults. If they will be exposed to trial, pre-trial detention and imprisonment, more likely than not, they will experience abuses, cruelty and violence, which will leave them defenseless and unprotected. How to Improve the Juvenile Justice System Judge Michael Corriero stated that: â€Å"At the turn of the 20th Century, our juvenile justice proce ss reflected a concept of childhood based on the notion that children are innocent, vulnerable, dependent and incapable of making matured decisions. As we enter the 21st Century, after decades of disillusionment with the juvenile court process, the ideas and beliefs that had inspired the progressive and humane treatment of children, especially disadvantaged children, have been largely abandoned in terms of fixing criminal responsibility. America and its children deserve a justice system that not only holds children accountable for their

Research Paper 5 pages( Two Artist) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper 5 pages( Two Artist) - Essay Example Yayoi moved from Japan to New York at the age of 27 years where she made a name for herself in avant-garde art; her work incorporates elements of Pop, Fluxus, Minimalism, and Surrealism, but remains unique in its fanatical, often sexually suggestive ways. This present work belongs to the body of works that she started in 1962, which she labeled ‘aggregation sculptures’, or ‘compulsion furniture’; Yayoi’s fascination with the theme of self-obliteration is explored in this work of art as well, just as in the rest of her other pieces. These works are best known for incorporating objects related with the work of women such as the metal oven pan alongside the stuffed, phallic limbs as in the present case; often than not, Kusama was fond of presenting her works in installations fitting rooms. Joseph Richards of The What Where When holds says this of the artist—â€Å"†¦Kusama’s meditative obsessiveness is a mind-bending effect that can never really be pulled off inside a gallery space†¦infinity can’t sit inside a frame, and when the gallery space becomes the piece, that’s when the magic happens† (Art radar, 2012). Tabish Khan, Londonist says, â€Å"†¦it’s only when you are surrounded by her repeating patterns that you realize what it’s like to be immersed in her hallucinatory and fantastical world, where there is a constant struggle between light and dark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Art radar, 2012). The 60’s, a time when the painting of the Oven-Pan was made, was characterized by new, radical and subversive events as well as trends that shook the rest of the globe in great extents; in the US, the 60’s were typically characterized with anger and violence following the assassination of J.F. Kennedy. There were many protests and civil unrest in the country due to the various socio-economic as well as political upheavals; many Americans protested against the unfair treatment of blacks as well as because

The History And Current Applications Of Behaviorist Theory

The History And Current Applications Of Behaviorist Theory Behaviorism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Behaviorism is the idea that behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner and according to John B. Watson; it should have nothing to do with introspection because introspection is too subjective (Goodwin, 2008). Besides John B. Watson there were others also interested in the study of behavior, specifically, Ivan Pavlov and Burrhus F Skinner. Behaviorism was a major change from earlier views because it discarded the importance of the conscious and unconscious mind and instead it attempted to make psychology a more scientific field, by focusing just on the observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of Ivan Pavlovs and his research on the digestive systems of dogs that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning process, which demonstrated that behaviors could be learned through conditioned associations (Goodwin, 2008). This pap er will discuss the work of Pavlov, Watson and Skinner and how they contributed to todays behaviorist theories like cognitive behavioral therapy. It will also discuss how these early behaviorists theories are the same as todays behaviorist theories and how they are different. The History and Current applications of Behaviorist Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through our interactions with our surroundings. Behaviorism proposes that behavior can be studied in an organized and observable way without consideration or thought of inner psychological conditions (Goodwin, 2008). There are two major types of conditioning in behaviorism, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. It involves taking a neutral stimulus (i.e. the ringing of a bell) and then pairing it with a naturally occurring stimulus (i.e. dogs salivate when presented with food). Continuing this pairing will eventually cause the previously neutral stimulus to induce the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus (i.e. the dog will salivate with the ringing of the bell even when food is not immediately presented). The two components are then called the conditioned stimulus (the ring of the bell) and the conditioned response (the dog salivating) (Todes, 2002). Operant conditioning is a process of learning that uses rewards and punishments for behavior. With operant conditioning, a relationship is created linking a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Skinner, 1954). Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and Burrhus F. Skinner all developed significant contributions to the advancement of behaviorism. While Pavlov, Watson and Skinner paved the way for behaviorist thinking, what is left of their findings? If we take a critical look at cognitive behavioral therapy we can see how the early behaviorists ideas are still alive today and how these ideas have changed with time. In the late 1800s, Pavlov was studying the gastric function of dogs. Pavlov inadvertently discovered that dogs would salivate prior to the food being presented to them, and decided that his discovery of dogs salivating prior to the actual food arriving was more interesting than gastric functions, and changed the focus of his research (Goodwin, 2008). Pavlov began to experiment with the dogs using a tone to signal for food. Pavlov found that the dogs had begun to salivate with the tone without the presentation of food (Schwartz Lacy, 1982). Pavlov realized that this response is not a natural response and was a learned response, and he consequently called this response a conditioned response and the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus. In Pavlovs experiment the tone was the neutral stimulus that became paired with the unconditioned stimulus which was the food. The unconditioned response of the dog salivating became a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus of the t one (Beecroft, 1966). Pavlovs work became known in the West, mainly due to the writings of John B. Watson. Pavlov thus coined what we now know today as classical conditioning. Pavlovs research also had a direct affect on bringing behaviorism to the attention of the American public in the 1930s. John B. Watson is known as the founder of behaviorism however Watsons Behaviorism did not catch on immediately and in 1913 when he publicized his Behaviorist Manifesto, he was initially met with a lot of criticism and doubt (Goodwin, 2008). It was not until the early 1930s when behaviorism began to catch the attention of America, in part due to Watsons continued push on the public to recognize it as a valid theory in psychology. Finally after several articles were published citing the use of behaviorism as a way to improve lives, the public began to recognize behaviorism as a positive, meaning it could help to raise children more efficiently, improve marriages, improve business and overall help people to lead more productive lives (Goodwin, 2008). With Watsons book, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, behaviorism for the first time was given well defined goals, methods and thought (Goodwin, 2008). Watson made behaviorism a discipline that created a structure based heavily on the principle that learning is the key to development and behavior (Rilling, 2000). Watson and Rayner, in 1927, conducted a study that produced an intense fear of rats in a 9 month old boy they called little Albert. When little Albert reached for a white rat, Watson would make a loud noise that scared little Albert. Using classical conditioning, little Albert associated rats with the loud noise and shifted his fear with the noise to a fear of rats. Little Albert then associated rats, which have fur, to all things with fur (this is known as second order conditioning). With second order conditioning, little Albert formed an irrational fear of all objects that had fur (Mischel, 1993). Although Watson was asked to leave John Hopkins and essentially could no longer work in academia he continued to promote his belief in behaviorism until it finally caught the attention of the American public. The impact of behaviorism was huge, and was a school of thought that continued to dominate psychology for the next fifty years. Psychologist B.F Skinner advanced the behaviorist perspective with his theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning verified the effect of punishment and positive reinforcement on behavior. Operant conditioning consisted of two important factors, the response and the consequence (Skinner, 1954). If the consequence is positively reinforcing, then there is the likelihood of getting a similar response. If the consequence is punishing the likelihood of repeating the response is not probable (Mischel, 1993). Skinner conducted an experiment known as the skinner- box (Goodwin, 2008). In Skinners experiment a rat was put into a box with a lever. Each time the lever was pressed, food was released. The rat learned to press the lever to receive the positive reinforcement, food. When the food was replaced with shocks, the lever pressing stopped almost immediately due to the consequences of receiving a shock (Skinner, 1954). Similar results were produced by stopping the positive reinforce ment of food altogether in a process called extinction, but the operant conditioned response decreased at a much slower rate than when punishment was used (Goodwin, 2008). This kind of operant conditioning will also occur in the rewarding or punishing action when utilizing this same technique to elicit certain behaviors from a child (Schwartz, 1982). During 1950 to 1970 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) became widely utilized and was inspired by the behaviorist learning theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and Clark L. Hull (Rachman, 1997). In the United States, psychologists were using B.F. Skinners behaviorism and applying it to clinical work and much of this work was focused towards severe, chronic psychiatric disorders such as psychotic behavior and autism (Rachman, 1997). The therapeutic approaches of Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck gained popularity among behavior therapists. These systems included behavioral elements and interventions that focused primarily on problems in the present. Elliss system began in the early 1950s and was called rational therapy and is one of the first forms of CBT. (Ellis, 1975). Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy in 1960 after being inspired by Elliss work and Becks cognitive therapy became a favorite intervention technique to study in the psychotherapy research in academic settings. I nitial research focused on comparing this cognitive therapy with behavioral therapys to see which was more effective (Beck, 1975). During the 1980s and 1990s cognitive and behavioral therapys were officially merged into what we now know as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Rachman, 1997). Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow introduced the idea that CBT approaches can be used successfully with the criminal population (Yochelson and Samenow, 1976). In conclusion, behaviorism is based upon observable behaviors, so it is easier to measure and collect data and information when performing research. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, rational therapy and CBT are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults. Some differences between todays CBT and behaviorism is that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to behavior and that it does not account for free will and internal stimulus such as moods, thoughts, and feelings. Behaviorism also does not account for other types of learning, especially learning that occurs without the use of reinforcements or punishments. Behaviorism does not take into account that people are able to adapt behavior when new information is present, even if a prior behavior was established through reinforcement. Behaviorism without the addition of cognitive influences is not en ough. When we can get an understanding of the thinking behind the behavior we have a better chance at changing it. In the words of Stan Samenow change the errors in thinking and we can change the behavior (Yochelson and Samenow, 1976).

Colombus Day

Justice, pride, and arrogance lie and when they are crossed; however, humane treatment and respect – whether that be self- respect or respect for others – Is black and white. Columbus day Is a holiday In which Americans celebrate a man who Is not even an American, but better yet the Spanish- acclaimed Viceroy and Governor of the Indies and Admiral of the Seas who overpowered and subjected a whole land of natives to succumb to his rule, follow his logon and traditions, and be brutally beat while being forced Into slavery.Although his ability to assume power and Instill fear Into these people so quickly may be admirable, he Is not a figure that deserves the respect of Christian Americans, or let alone any Americans: and only deserves to be â€Å"honored† In a day of mourning. To begin with, Christopher Columbus sailed into this land and was greeted with kindness and peace by the natives, in which he returned with the order of the kidnapping of six natives to be his servants. Columbus simply saw these indigenous people as an obstacle in his pursuit of riches and glory, and treated them as such.The natives did have their practices of violence and brutality in which other humans were sacrificed to their native Gods or means of punishment were rather severe, but this did not beckon or welcome the brutality inculcated by Christopher Columbus and the rest of his team. Even more interestingly, Columbus' writings back to Spain made himself sound very respectful and appreciative of the Indians; however, after rather inspection, Columbus' malice shows through even what appears to be kindness and gratuity.In his log kept about the New World, he writes that these indigenous people are of the kindest, best people, and that he told his men to take nothing from them without giving them something in return. This, at first glance, seems like an exhibit of kindness, yet the Spaniards never gave back anything of equal value to the Indians. Columbus discusses ho w he would receive very gracious, generous gifts from the indigenous people -knowing and acknowledging that they ere very poor people-, and return it with a gift of no more value than that of a penny.In continuation, it is highly hypocritical that Christopher Columbus had viewed their practices of religion as malicious and Inappropriate for a civilization, then forced Christianity upon them with Inhumanity and savagery. This Is baffling because the Spaniards are going Into this foreign world Introducing a concept of a loving and benevolent God as they simultaneously kill these people and cut off their feet all for the glory of this mysterious supposedly-awesome God.As Christians, they are commanded by God to love others as you love yourself and to reflect a level of Jesus' kindness when they Instead they reflected the greed, hatred, and self- righteousness of the devil. So, not only were his actions directly affecting these natives lives, but also the appearance of Charlatanry as a whole. Columbus' take on Christianity and God actually intensifies the inhumanity and violence caused against as an excuse to execute all heathens; indigenous people.However, in reality, he was imply slaughtering thousands of innocent people who did nothing wrong except for having contrasting opinions with that of the intruding Spaniards. In conclusion, from the day that Columbus arrived to the New World, he treated the people with nothing but dignity and self-pride. Although he did â€Å"discover† the land that would later become America, he is only responsible for the deaths, severe mistreatment, and forced enslavement of multiple indigenous people. Columbus Day should be recognized as a day of mourning for the unwarranted brutality suffered by unexciting natives of the land.

Urban design

Urban designOverviewWhat is built-up design?Urban conceive is the method of organizing the personal scene for life in towns, small towns and small towns. It is the art of doing topographic points. It engages the conceive of constructions, assemblies of constructions, infinites and countrysides, and puting up the methods that make booming development possible. Why are so legion locations so terribly designed? Why are the locations we are building so distinguishable from the locations we like? So legion new enlargement snuff out what makes a location exceptional and give the consequence of holding been conceived ( if that is the word! ) by person with no sense of what makes a booming topographic point. Why is so much development so terribly designed? The item that 84 per centum of planing entries are drawn up by person with no conceive instruction may hold certain thing to make with it. But being taught in conceive does non necessarily mean that the person to fault for the development will gestating certain thing that might do a booming topographic point. After all, they may non hold glimpsed that as their occupation. They may hold been gestating merely of restricted and short-run purposes: to build certain thing that the developer can cover rapidly ; or to help the edifice ‘s users, other than doing a more pleasing know-how for individuals transient by.The public involvement is broader, and longer term. Urban conceive petitions to individuals who are involved in more than merely the conceive of a solitary building or the concerns of a lone user. What gets built-up interior decorators out of bed in the morning is the difference of gestating a location that will be utilized and relished by a wide assortment of distinguishable individuals for distinguishable grounds, non merely now but in old ages to come.A new professionUrban conceive is one of the newest profe ssions. The grade ‘urban interior decorator ‘ is little more than 25 old ages old. Much of what built-up interior decorators do – organizing the locations where we reside – was finished by professionals of diverse types before so, but the occupation was glimpsed from the point of view of specific professions. Architects and contrivers utilised to postulate about the maps of their two professions. Architects would impeach contrivers of impeding with aesthetic personal businesss about which they were non trained to judge. Planners would impeach designers of gestating constructions entirely as things, with small attempt to take history of their context or of their expected influence on the milieus. In 1978 some designers and contrivers called a armistice. This adept sniping is unpointed, they said. We have certain thing in common: we are all in the endeavor of doing topographic points. That should be the basis of our employed together.Peoples with a missionThe Urban Design Group was formed, and shortly designers, contrivers, countryside designers, applied scientists, public originative persons and a assortment of other professionals were confirming their house promise to built-up design. Their aim was to alter how the natural environment was shaped. They contended that designers should be worried with the location, non merely with gestating a building to carry the client ‘s claims entirely. Planners should be worried, non merely with land usage, but with the personal form of development. Landscape architecture should be engaged in look intoing and groking sites at the start of the designing and conceive method, other than being conveyed in at a late phase to mask unattractive constructions with some planting. Highway applied scientists should utilize their abilities to do locations that are delighting to be in and to saunter through, other than concentrating narrowly on keeping the traffic traveling. Modern built-up conceive can be advised as portion of the broader control and regard of Urban planning. Indeed, Urban planing started as a action chiefly used by with personal businesss of built-up design. Works for illustration Ildefons Cerda ‘s General Theory of Urbanization ( 1867 ) , Camillo Sitte ‘s City Planning Harmonizing to Artistic Principles ( 1889 ) , and Robinson ‘s The Improvement of Cities and Towns ( 1901 ) and Modern Civic Art ( 1903 ) , all were chiefly worried with built-up conceive, as did the subsequent City Beautiful motion in North America. ‘Urban design ‘ was foremost utilized as a characteristic period when Harvard University hosted a sequence of Urban Design Conferences from 1956. These seminars supplied a phase for the commencing of Harvard ‘s Urban Design plan in 1959-60. The Hagiographas of Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Gordon Cullen and Christopher Alexander became important plants for the school of Urban Design. Gordon Cullen ‘s The Concise Townscape, foremost released in 1961, and moreover had a big purchase on legion built-up interior decorators. Cullen analyzed the customary originative attack to town conceive of theoreticians for illustration Camillo Sitte, Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. He conceived the impression of ‘serial vision ‘ , characterizing the built-up countryside as a sequence of associated infinites. Jane Jacobs ‘ The Death and Life of Great American Cities, released in 1961, was moreover a accelerator for involvement in constructs of built-up design. She critiqued the Modernism of CIAM, and claimed that the publically ownerless infinites conceived by the ‘city in the park ‘ thought of Modernists were one of the major causes for the increasing offense rate. She contended instead than for an ‘eyes on the street ‘ attack to village designing, and the Resurrection of major public infinite case in points, for illustration roads and rectangles, in the conceive of metropoliss. Kevin Lynch ‘s The Image of the City of 1961 was furthermore seminal to the action, particularly with considers to the impression of discernability, and the lessening of built-up conceive thought to five fundamental constituents – paths, vicinities, margins, nodes, landmarks. He moreover made good liked the usage of mental charts to groking the town, other than the planar personal expert designs of the predating 50 old ages. Other outstanding plants encompass Rossi ‘s Architecture of the City ( 1966 ) , Venturi ‘s Learning from Las Vegas ( 1972 ) , Colin Rowe ‘s Collage City ( 1978 ) , and Peter Calthorpe ‘s The Following American Metropolis ( 1993 ) . Rossi presented the impressions of ‘historicism ‘ and ‘collective memory ‘ to built-up conceive, and suggested a ‘collage metaphor ‘ to gain the montage of new and older types inside the indistinguishable built-up infinite. Calthorpe, on the other manus, evolved a pronunciamento for sustainable built-up home by intermediate denseness home, every bit good as a conceive manual for building new towns in understanding with his impression of Transit Oriented Development ( TOD ) . Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson in â€Å" The Social Logic of Space † ( 1984 ) presented the impression of Space Syntax to calculate how action patterns in towns would help to built-up verve, anti-social demeanor and f iscal success. The attraction of these plants produced in periods for illustration ‘historicism ‘ , ‘sustainability ‘ , ‘livability ‘ , ‘high value of built-up constituents ‘ , etc. go mundane idiom in the country of built-up planning.

Angela Davis and Feminism Essay - 1562 Words

Mothers, fathers, daughters, sons, aunts, uncles, grandparents, pimps, prostitutes, straight people, gay people, lesbian people, Europeans, Asians, Indians, and Africans all have once thing in common: they are products of sexuality. Sexuality is the most common activity in the world, yet is considered taboo and â€Å"out of the norm† in modern society. Throughout history, people have been harassed, discriminated against, and shunned for their â€Å"sexuality†. One person who knows this all too well is activist and author, Angela Davis. From her experiences, Davis has analyzed the weakness of global society in order to propose intellectual theories on how to change the perspective of sexuality. This research paper will explore the discussions of†¦show more content†¦Angela Davis began her college career at Brandeis University to study French which granted her the opportunity to study abroad in France. In 1963, while Davis was in France four black girls were kill ed in a church bombing known as the 16th Street Church Bombing. This tragedy sparked Davis’ Passion for philosophy because she was personally affected by the bombing since she knew two of the killed victims. In 1969, Davis came back the America and joined several radical civil rights organizations. She was a member of the Communist Party, USA and a member of the Black Panther Party along with being an assistance professor at the University of California- Los Angeles (UCLA). Governor at the time, Ronald Reagan, tried to terminate her position as UCLA professor because of her Communist affiliation, but that was overturned. Yet, devastation struck only a few months later. August 7, 1970, a young black male, Johnathan Jackson held Superior Court Judge, Harold Haley, a prosecutor, and three jury members hostage. He eventually shot and killed Judge Haley and the prosecutor. Coincidentally, the pistol Johnathan Jackson used to kill the judge and prosecutor were bought by Angela Davis a day before the shooting; therefore, Angela Davis was put on a 13 week trial for murder, kidnapping and conspiracy charges. In the end, Davis was found not guilty, yet still has to live with theShow MoreRelatedAngela Davis : An Advocate For Feminism, Prison Reform, And Communism1642 Words   |  7 PagesBiography Angela Davis is recognized as an advocate for feminism, prison reform, and communism. She is best known as a radical African American educator and activist for civil rights. She established her own group called the Critical Resistance, an organization working to abolish the prison-industrial complex.While a high school student, she performed well, earning her a scholarship to Brandeis University where she graduated Magna Cum Laude in French literature. After that, she continued to earnRead MoreAngela Davis And The Civil Rights Movement1208 Words   |  5 PagesAngela Davis is one of the most influential women when it comes to feminism, race, politics, to just name a few. She has paved the way for many generations of women to have a voice when they once wouldn’t. It is essential to realize that one can’t discuss feminism and black power without discussing Angela Davis. The reason I chose Angela Davis is because she is a household name that I have always heard, but had n ever known much of. I think it’s deeply important to understand the impact she’s hadRead MoreBlack Feminism : An Era Of Progressive Activism For Women1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has observed an era of progressive activism for women. But, feminism is by its nature a complex notion and one can’t fully appreciate its effectiveness forgetting the aspect of ethnic discriminations in the country (Collin, p.p 47). 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