Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Understanding reaction - Essay Example Bringing up what's up consistently with individuals or the work they perform will prompt individuals taking you for an unpleasant and temperamental person. It is, in this manner, practical to comprehend that it individuals are not in every case essentially off-base and a superior glance at things may uncover that you are the one on wrong. Understanding this chance calls for natural want to comprehend the different person’s perspective which gives us the sign of why the individual went about as s/he did. Such a negligible activity can go far into giving critical comprehension of the other individual. It is consistently a test for a great many people to see both their perspective and that one of the other party. A fundamental human need is the inclination of significance. Causing somebody to feel significant is an alluring method to begin any correspondence. The individual typically will be thankful for such affirmation building up a decent ground to receive something as a byproduct of appreciation. That turns into a key system in business particularly in advertising. Causing the client to feel essential to the business will encourage a sentiment of proprietorship and belongingness and expanded certainty of the client. Support is empowered when the gathering included feels that they are viewed as savvy or significant. Somebody will in general like you the more for a positive supplement. Ceaseless and consistent affirmation and praises will have a colossal alluring result of the other party or even client conduct. An undertaking ought to endeavor to cause clients to feel significant instead of demanding their significance to the client. Such a demonstration draws in regard from clients and co nsequently grants impact to the negotiating advantages. Inability to acknowledge others can incite them to wander into boundaries of conduct, become lawbreakers and even crazy. They will in general live in their envisioned universes where they feel significant as opposed to confronting the raising truth of

Everglades national park Essay Example for Free

Everglades national park Essay National Park extends more than 1. illion sections of land and is the biggest wild in the Southeast. Wetlands and bogs spread portion of the land which contains 10,000 islands! The Everglades, called the River of Grass on the grounds that the territory is to a great extent a stream once in a while 60 miles wide, isn't a bog or marsh. In the previous hundred years, individuals have been diving channels and building dams in the Everglades so they could remove water from it. They assembled such huge numbers of waterways and depleted so much water that the characteristic stream is intruded. Acadia National Park Acadia National Park was built up in 1919 by President Wilson, initially called as Lafayette National Park. Acadia National Park is situated on Mount Desert and covers half of the island. This park is the principal park east of the Mississippi waterway. 120 miles in Acadia National Park are climbing and biking trails, angling, rock climbing, and sailing. The most elevated mountain in it is the Cadillac Mountain and the briefest is the Flying Mountain. Jordans Pond is the most profound lake at 150 feet down. Acadia National Park is the tenth most visited National Park. A National Park is a recreation center the administration assumes up the liability of. National Parks are worked to safeguard land and instruct individuals on nature.

15 Great Nonfiction Books By Women (And the Best Time to Read Them)

15 Great Nonfiction Books By Women (And the Best Time to Read Them) One of my favorite things about being a reader is finding the perfect book at the perfect time. Whether it’s a book that scratches the right itch or a book that answers a question we didn’t know we were asking, a book read in a particular moment can resonate throughout our lives. Inspired by fellow Rioter Kelly Jensen’s list of nonfiction on girls, women and feminism, I want to recommend some memoirs, essay collections, and personal nonfiction that I think will land perfectly during particular moments in life. Here are 15 of my favorites: When You’re Approaching College Graduation The Opposite of Loneliness by Marina Keegan â€" The Opposite of Loneliness is a collection of short stories and essays were published after 22-year-old Keegan died in a car accident just after her graduation from Yale. Each of them, but especially the essay that went viral shortly after her death, capture that particular feeling of being on the cusp of adulthood, scared and excited and apprehensive and optimistic all at the same time. Very Good Lives by J.K. Rowling â€" This slim little book is a published version of J.K. Rowling’s 2008 commencement address at Harvard University. The published version has lovely illustrations, and is a good reminder, at a moment when life seems full of possibilities, to approach the world knowing that failure is a necessary part of life. When You’re Struggling at Adulting Dont Worry, It Gets Worse by Alida Nugent â€" These essays are a super funny look at some of what it takes to make the tumbling, awkward transition from the college cocoon into the real world. Highly recommended if you are working towards being a “mature and responsible adult that definitely never eats peanut butter straight from the jar and considers it a meal.” Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns) by Mindy Kaling â€" I feel like the question Kaling picked for the title of this book is exactly the question I asked every day during my mid-twenties. Kaling is a funny writer, not afraid to admit her shortcomings while sharing her experiences on work and life. I found this one lots of fun when I read it. When You’re Making A Big Career Leap Why Not Me? by Mindy Kaling â€" Why Not Me? is Kaling’s second book, and it definitely has a more grown-up feel to it. While it still has a sense of humor, Kaling spends more time grappling with the way adulthood affects our work and our relationships. The book also feels less apologetic â€" both for being written and in the advice Kaling offers â€" which is a quality I’m trying to emulate as a woman on the cusp of turning 30. Lean In by Sheryl Sandberg â€" One of the anecdotes that stuck with me from Lean In, Sheryl Sandberg’s manifesto is this one: “Women apply for jobs where they feel like they meet 100 percent of the criteria, while men apply for jobs where they feel like they meet 60 percent of the criteria. Because of this difference in perception, women sometimes self-select themselves out of promotions or new opportunities that men will seize.” This book can be a little frustrating in that it doesn’t take on the major structural issues that challenge women at work, but it does provide good, practical advice for succeeding in the workplace today. When You’re Considering Your Future Family Plans Why Have Kids? by Jessica Valenti â€" In contrast, feminist and new mom Jessica Valenti looks at the big questions that are often asked about parenting and the impact that having kids has on happiness and life satisfaction. Selfish, Shallow and Self-Absorbed, edited by Meghan Daum â€" This is a collection of essays by writers (both men and women) on their decisions not to have children. While probably good at many ages, I think it has resonance for women at around the time society says your biological clock is ticking and the decision about whether to start a family starts to feel imminent. Spinster: Making a Life of Ones Own by Kate Bolick â€" Or, maybe your life path isn’t going towards kids or even a long-term, committed partner. In this book, Bolick celebrates the pleasures of being an unmarried woman and looks at how attitudes about women and marriage have changed. When You’re in a Rut Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes â€" A couple years ago, TV maven Shonda Rhimes discovered that she had become a person who constantly said no. After some introspection, she decided to start a year of saying yes to everything, a quest that started with accepting invitations and eventually led to losing more than 100 pounds and adopting a more joyful life. This book is a kick in the pants. Hammer Head by Nina MacLaughlin â€" During her 20s, Nina MacLaughlin spent most of her time sitting behind a desk as a newspaper reporter. Impulsively, she responded to a Craigslist ad asking for a carpenter’s assistant. In this book, she chronicles her career change and meditates on the nature of work in a way that’s just so inspiring and interesting. When You’re Thinking About Aging/Mortality Smoke Gets In Your Eyes (And Other Lessons from the Crematory) by Caitlin Doughty â€" In her early 20s, Caitlin Doughty took a job at a family-owned crematorium in California. The book is very funny (and often gross), but also an interesting argument for changing our relationship with death and dying. Knocking on Heaven’s Door by Katy Butler â€" In order to have a routine but necessary medical procedure performed, Katy Butler’s aging father was fitted with a pacemaker. This pacemaker kept his heart beating strongly while his mind and the rest of his body began to fail. Butler uses her family’s experience with the medical industry to look at the culture of over-intervention and how it affects our choices as we age. When You’re Reading Through Grief The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion â€" This book, Joan Didion’s account of the year after her husband John Dunne’s sudden death, is incredibly difficult to read. But it’s also one of the best books I’ve ever read that captures the irrationality that is a hallmark of deep grieving and manages to recount their relationship with deep love and tenderness. Wave by Sonali Deraniyagala â€" On December 26, 2004, Sonali Deraniyagala and her family â€" her husband, her two sons and her parents â€" were vacationing at a beach resort in Sri Lanka. In just a few frantic, horrifying minutes, her entire family was killed in  as a devastating tsunami ravaged the landscape.  Deraniyagala’s prose is clear and simple, but her emotions reach out from every page. P.S. The framing of this list isn’t to say that you can’t read this books at different times â€" you do you, obviously! â€" but to recognize that life experiences affect how we read certain books and can affect the impact. Enjoy!

The Sociology Of Deviance, Kai T. Erikson - 1563 Words

Among any community there is a set of boundaries that must be respected under penalty of being labeled as deviant. Consequently, a community will create agencies of control in order to punish and fight against all the forms of behavior considered as deviant. In his Study in the Sociology of Deviance, Kai T. Erikson defends the point that deviant forms of behavior are a natural and beneficial part of social life. One of his main arguments is that, in our modern society, â€Å"the agencies of control often seem to define their job as that of keeping deviance within bounds rather than obliterating it altogether† (Wayward Puritans 24:2). Now, what if society gave to its agencies of control the role of annihilating deviance? What if the set of†¦show more content†¦It is a perfect example because the story takes place in an environment of integral conformity and describes a scene of pure deviance where Vonnegut’s disseminated strong messages. By analyzing Vonnegutâ⠂¬â„¢s short story with the help of both â€Å"The social animal† by Eliott Aronson and â€Å"Wayward Puritans† by Kai T. Erikson we will point all the wrong aspects of perfect conformity in a first paragraph. And, in a second paragraph, we will discuss more about the importance of deviance by analyzing the last scene. Across the whole text we have information that makes us deduct how absurd life turns out to be when everyone ends up being equal in every way. For example as the text states, April drove people crazy for not being springtime yet. Or also, George and Hazel’s lives turned out to be just an eternal moment of amnesia: since George is endowed of an intelligence superior to the norm, he has to wear a mental handicap radio in his ear that emits a sound to erase his thoughts every 20 seconds or so. In other words, because of the new Amendments, George leads a life comparable to one of goldfish who is wondering in his fish tank. Is it really worth to pay such a price so that everyone is equal? Being equal made everyone renounce to a part of their most fundamental liberties and also to the beauty of arts. For example, the ballerinas shown on television make a poorShow MoreRelatedSociology: Value Conflict1346 Words   |  6 PagesSociology ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Running Head: SOCIOLOGY Sociology ï ¿ ½ Sociology Value Conflict Objectivity means that the conclusions arrived at as the result of inquiry and investigation are independent of the race, color, creed, occupation, nationality, religion, moral preference and political predisposition of the investigator. If hi research is truly objective, it is independent of any subjective elements; any personal desires that he may have. Having said that, one can argue whetherRead MoreWayward Puritans Book Review Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesAs a sociologist, Kai T. Erikson looks at history as a reflection of changes in societal norms and expectations. Erikson re-visits his look at historical happenings of the Puritans in his novel â€Å"Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance†. By examining several â€Å"crime waves† throughout history, Erikson points out several aspects of how we see deviance. After researching Puritan lifestyle and the corresponding influences of deviance, Erikson explores the Antinomian Controversy, the QuakerR ead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesHutchinson. In Kai T. Erikson’s article, â€Å"Wayward Puritans. A Study in the Sociology of Deviance,† they write about the major controversies that centered in the Puritan Massachusetts colony. One such controversy involved a woman named Anne Hutchinson and her congregation. She and her followers argued against the idea of predestination, your position in the afterlife is predetermined since the moment one is born and that the clergy can distinguish the saved from the damned. Like Kai T. Erikson says, â€Å"ItRead More How Crime and Deviance Can Be Seen As Functional for Society1723 Words   |  7 Pages Crime and deviance are acts that will elicit dissent from society. They take various forms and involve various concepts and theories. It will be the aim of this paper to explore those that are considered to be functional for society. It was Emile Durkheim who first clearly established the logic behind the functional approach to the study of crime and deviance[1] when he wrote The Rules of Sociological Method and The Division of Labour[2]. In those works, DurkheimRead MoreMarx and Durkheim’s Views Contributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? 899 Words   |  4 PagesHow have Marx and Durkheim’s Views Contributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? Karl Marx’s Marxist theory and Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory were both significant in their own ways and therefore made a large contribution to our perception and understanding of how crime and deviance occurs and is dealt with in society. The Marxist theory on crime was focused on the concept that the huge shift towards a capitalist society was the root cause and driving force behind the formationRead MoreWhy Class And Race Affected Me Right Away Essay2471 Words   |  10 Pagesit was often inferred that I did not want to pay for it or that I did not value the class. Sociologist Kai T. Erikson writes â€Å"The deviant is a person whose activities have moved outside the margins of the group, and when the community calls him to account for that vagrancy, it is making a statement about the nature and placement of its boundaries†. (Kai T. Erikson, â€Å"On the Sociology of Deviance† in Deviant Behavior, P.65) My classmates and I were treated like deviants. A lot of my classmates endedRead MoreLabeling Theory3326 Words   |  14 PagesDeviance, like beauty, is in the eyes of the beholder. There is nothing inherently deviant in any human act, something is deviant only because some people have been successful in labelling it so. J. L Simmons The definition of the situation implies that if you define a situation as real, it is real only in its consequences. INTRODUCTION Labelling theory, stemming from the influences of Cooley, Mead, Tannenbaum, and Lemert, has its origins somewhere within the context of the twentieth century. HoweverRead More Evaluation of Sociological Theories Essay1854 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluation of Sociological Theories Deviance can be described as: Nonconformity with existing/traditional social norms. This nonconformity is often said to be pathological when it challenges power and privilege; yet it is said to be indicative of innovation or creativity when the gatekeepers of morality approve it. A loaded term, deviancy is a negative asset when the environment is stable but can be a positive asset to a society when the environment is irreversibly

Organizational Conflict An Array Of Varied Cultures

Organizational Conflict Deborah Leupold BUS610: Organizational Behavior Instructor: Martin McDermott December 17, 2016 The society we live in is an array of varied cultures. Wherever there is human interaction, conflict is bound to be born. Generally, these conflicts occur due to cultural differences. Sometimes, when two people or two groups from diverse cultural backgrounds come in contact to achieve an objective, their interests may come against each other’s. Conflicting interests may also bring incompatibility and inconsistency in relationships. Conflicts generally occur due to incompatibility of goals or different interpretation of facts. Whenever a conflict takes place, it should be managed actively. There can be other†¦show more content†¦Something similar happened here too. Since, the employee’s salary incentives were bound with his performance review of the month, and a negative review affected his salary negatively, it led to demotivation and fury. The employee was angry over his supervisor for the bad review. The situation became sensitive due to a heated argument bet ween the manager and his subordinate. To some extent the reason behind this conflict was also interpersonal and it was perceived that the situation may have arisen due to some basic personal differences between the two. The employee’s point was that the manager had been setting too ambitious target for him which was leading to failure. Moreover, the necessary guidance was also not being provided by the manager which could help the employee achieve his target. If the employee felt that the target was too high or ambitious, he could have said so before this happened. And the manager could have offered more ways to reach the target and showed the employee that it was not too high. The situation kept growing sensitive till one of the senior officials of the organization intervened and as a first step of negotiation through a meeting tried to bring in some understanding between the manager and his employee. It appeared that the employee was feeling like he wasShow MoreRelatedChallenges of Strategy Implementation1316 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus. It is an operations activity. Strategy execution really tests a CEO or entrepreneur’s skills. It tests their ability to direct organizational change, motivate people, develop capabilities and develop an organizational culture to support the strategy. What makes strategy execution tougher is this range of activities that needs to be performed and the varied skills need to perform them - people skills being the foremost. Just because the management has decided on strategy does not mean thatRead MoreClass Lecture On Diversity : The Fundamental Understanding Of Race, Class, And Gender Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween races, sexes and cultures is due to mistrust, stereotyping, and more within-culture conversation and language problems. When these problems are not paid attention to it may lead to an inability to endorse ideas, the inability to gain agreement on decisions, and inability to take united action. In the educational system it is very important that there is a wide array of diverse groups in the classroom, Learning something new about a culture they may not be familiarRead MoreThe Impact Of An Effective Leadership On The Realization Of An Initiated Innovation3183 Words   |  13 Pageswill be focused upon include a brief rationale of my change agenda, leadership styles and theories, challenges and barriers encountered, and the concept of Emotional intelligence. Personal qualities of a leader, individual and organizational values, behaviours and culture will be reflected upon throughout the assignment and its relevance in regards to my change initiative. Finally, the impact of an effective leadership on the performance of individuals, team and service users care and outcomes willRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace5680 Words   |  23 PagesSURFACE LEVEL DIVERSITY, DEEP LEVEL DIVERSITY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ABSTRACT Surface level diversity is the mixture of people who differentiate by sex, race or ethnicity, and the observably physically disabled. These differences typically cannot be changed and are easy to measure because they are visual. Deep level diversity are differences such as personality and attitudes that can be communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Diversity can be affiliated with socio-economicRead MoreThe Retention And Succession Planning3788 Words   |  16 Pagesselecting prospective leaders, growing the potential of these individuals, and, lastly, evaluating the individuals and the program (Titzer et al., 2013). Griffith (2012) adds that effective succession planning is done in such a way that the organizational culture, vision, and commitment are maintained in subsequent leaders. Efficiency, efficacy, and capability are the biomarkers of leaders developed through programs that have effectively implemented succession planning programs. Overall cost and patientRead MoreAreas of Knowledge of Hrm11342 Words   |  46 Pagesall issues. - Constant checking and re-checking of rules and regulations - There should be no discrimination in enforcing rules and regulations - Preventive measures should be encouraged - Proper communication is essential. - Conflict resolution machinery should be effective Causes of Indiscipline - A wrong man on the wrong job - Favoritism, godfatherism and other personal influences. - Absence of genuine communication. - Lack of lead or leadership - AwkwardRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior6990 Words   |  28 PagesOrganizational Theory and Behavior  © 1993, David S. Walonick, Ph.D. Classical Organization Theory Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called Taylorism) at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefullyRead MoreHuman Relation Essay9189 Words   |  37 Pageswork of many years and many people, it contains a huge amount of variation and nuance (some of it extremely interesting) 1 This same disjuncture is present in relation to Taylor’s work (and scholarly commentaries on it) and that of many other organizational theorists. It isn’t a matter of saying that the received version is deficient in detail or scholarship. They are different things for different purposes. Apart from anything else, received versions are simpler and more memorable. In many waysRead MoreChange Management5965 Words   |  24 Pagestechnology or organizational change. Change management is not a stand-alone technique for improving organizational performance. It is important to note what change management is and what change management is not, as defined by the majority of research participants. Change management is a necessary component for any organizational performance improvement process to succeed, including programs like: Six Sigma, Business Process Reengineering, Total Quality Management, Organizational Development, RestructuringRead Moreeffect of workforce diversity on employee performance in anorganization6665 Words   |  27 PagesPopulation 19 Table 3.2 sample size 19 â€Æ' LIST OF FIGURES Fig 2.1: Theoretical framework 9 Fig 2.2: conceptual framework 15 Fig2.3: operational framework 17 â€Æ' ABSTRACT Diversity is increasingly recognized and utilized as an important organizational resource in regards to whether the goal is to be an employer of choice, to provide excellent customer service, or to maintain a competitive edge. Workplace diversity is a multi-faceted concept that will continue to evolve as more industries move

Terms Comparison Paper Hcs 552 Free Essays

Terms Comparison Paper HCS/552 February 4, 2013 John J. Schibler Terms Comparison Paper Health care economics involves making plenty of choices. Individuals, groups, businesses, and organizations choose how to use resources . We will write a custom essay sample on Terms Comparison Paper Hcs 552 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economics and health care are linked, because health care professionals apply economics in their everyday professional activities. They are able to do this through resource allocation. Any health care organization has to plan out how they will use their resources to their advantage. Health care economics are able to incorporate terms like cost, quality, and resources. In this paper, I will compare these terms as they relate to health care economics. In this paper, I will also explain how they differ from one another. Resources are considered to be any physical thing or virtual element that has limited availability. A resource can also be anything that is used to help people earn a living. There are different types of resources such as human resources, and natural resources. In economics, human resources refer t human capital or employees in an organization (Getzen, 2007). Many times resources are considered to be a means of factors of production. When health care organization is in production of something, natural resources are being used. Resources are usually limited, and most organizations have to look for ways of allocating resources that they need. Resources in health care means that all materials and funds are used to provide health care for people. The term â€Å"resource† has similar meaning in health care and economics. When used in health care, it means that all materials and funds are used to provide health care. When referring to the economic portion of health care, resource means that they are the personnel, the funds, facilities, or any material used in production. Another similarity is that resources are limited and they have value. For example, funds, as well as personnel are limited, and they may hinder delivery of health care services and productivity. Most people prefer to have quality health care. Quality may also have many different meanings. Quality in health care economics means the superiority of something. This can also mean the best of something. Quality in health care can be determined by determining if the health care is a great fit for the person. Quality of health care can be considered as the right treatment for the right illness, and also delivering health care at the right time. Quality in health care economics means to give the best health care possible. Getzen (2007), states that medicine often involves life and death situations (p. 12). In these situations, quality is crucial and quantity is irrelevant (Getzen, 2007). Quality cannot simply be added up or multiplied to arrive at a total spending limit. In medical care, getting more ounces or pounds or boxes or whatever is usually not very important, but getting higher quality is. When referring to health care economics, â€Å"cost† refers to the funds that are used to deliver health care to patients. Cost can also mean the amount of funds used to access health care or to deliver health care (Getzen, 2007). It is applied in many different ways such as, health care professionals applying economic principles like cost benefit analysis, or cost effect analysis to determine if the choice is good or bad. The principles help the government to provide the best intervention in health care (Getzen, 2007). In conclusion, all the terms are interlinked when discussing health care economics. This is so and will always be so, because health care professionals always apply economic principles in health care. All of these terms help when deciding how to make and provide the correct interventions when making difficult decisions. When referring to resources, it has the same meaning when dealing with health care as well as economics alone. It means, materials, funds, employees and the facilities used in achieving goals set by the health care organization. While the term cost means something differently when separating health care and economics it all ties in when they are applied together in an organization. Cost means the funds used to deliver health care or when a patient is trying to access health care. Costs can also be rejected when making decisions about health care. Quality means to give the best possible when delivering care to a patient as well as when making decisions about a health care organization. All of these terms are the same in making health care economical decisions. We depend on all the terms in this paper when trying to make an ethical decision as it relates to health care and health care organizations. The essence of health care economics is simply trade or making a buck (Getzen, 2007). Its focal point will always be the market and the place where buyers and sellers exchange dollars for goods and services (Getzen, 2007). References Getzen, T. E. (2007). Health, economics, and financing (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons. http://www. healthcarefinance. org/HEtext_files/chap01. pdf How to cite Terms Comparison Paper Hcs 552, Papers

Effectiveness of Pay for Performance

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Pay for Performance. Answer: Introduction For workers globally, a high pay acts a motivating instrument for better work performance and enhanced productivity. In labor economics, the efficiency wage hypothesis highlights the fundamental relationship between workers performance and their pay. By and large, it elucidates that paying workers beyond the market clearing rate helps to increase employee productivity and boost their morale. Furthermore, the model suggests that organizations should offer their workers higher wages than the equilibrium wage to enhance workplace cohesiveness, reduce shirking, and increase employee responsibility and loyalty to the firm. In contrast, paying wages below the market rate will result in employee dissatisfaction, increase shirking and escalate the turnover rate. Overall, the theory suggests that offering employees higher wages than the market rate is beneficial to both the firm and the worker. Notably, paying wages and salaries is one of the major costs of running a company. Normally, in a competitive labor market, the remunerations of the employees are dictated by the forces of demand and supply[1]. Thus, such markets offer its workforce an equilibrium wage. However, this phenomenon is not usually existent and applicable in the modern economy. Instead, the actual amounts that employers pay its employees vary significantly from one firm to another. For this reason, the efficiency wages theory provides an illumination to the fact that it might be beneficial for firms to pay its workers more than the equilibrium wage. More specifically, if the business pays its workers a high wage, they work harder and produce more output than if they are paid the market rate. Therefore, according to this hypothesis, there is a positive relationship between worker productivity and pay. The Concept of Pay for Performance To a large extent, the theory of efficiency wages serves as a justification as to why certain organizations prefer to pay workers more than prevailing market rate. Profoundly, paying employees a pay premium boosts their efficiency, increases workplace unity, enhances loyalty and moderates shirking[2]. Conversely, low wages contribute substantially to reduced productivity and worker dissatisfaction which may then give rise to shirking, disruption as well as high turnover rates[3]. In this regard, there are various efficiency wage models that help illustrate the relationship between pay and performance. Currently, the most prominent models include the shirking model, labor turnover model, the adverse selection model and the sociological hypothesis. The Shirking Model In most occupations, the labor force has some discretions regarding its performance. Mainly, these discretions arise from the fact that work contracts cannot explicitly specify all characteristics of an employees performance[4]. For this reason, piece rates become unrealistic because monitoring may be too expensive or imprecise. Furthermore, they may not be viable since the basis on which they are founded are not verifiable by employees, thus generating the problem of moral hazard. Consequently, in this case, the payment of a wage that is above the equilibrium wage acts as a way for businesses to offer its workers motivation to work. According to Cheat-threat theory,' employees can choose to work or not to work. However, employees who do not work run the risk of getting caught, which may, in turn, lead to loss of their jobs[5]. Hence, if there is a risk associated with shirking, the fear of being caught and fired motivates the employees not to shirk. Instead, they would remain diligent in their work. Conversely, if all firms paid the same wages to its workers, and the labor market operates at full employment, then there would be no cost associated with shirking[6]. In turn, this would create an incentive for workers to shun their duties. For this reason, it is beneficial for the firm to raise its wages over and above the market clearing rate as it eliminates shirking. When all companies do this, then the level of wages rises while the unemployment increases. Notably, firms prefer to hire workers at wages above the market price. If the organization were to employ personnel at lower wages, it would be beneficial for the employee to abscond his duties. Given that the firm is aware of this, it maintains a relatively high wage portfolio for its workers to avoid discretions on the employees part[7]. Since all firms raise their salaries to prevent shirking, involuntary unemployment may arise. Subsequently, the prevalence of high unemployment in the market increases the opportunity cost associated with shirking. More precisely, it creates a small or no alternative income for the unemployed, which makes losing ones job more costly. In turn, this serves as an instrument that disciplines workers against shirking. Critics of the model argue that moral hazards may shift to employers. Fundamentally, organizations are responsible for monitoring employees efforts. Thus, unambiguous incentives may arise for organizations to proclaim shirking even when the workers work diligently. Typically, firms may have reasons to fire older employees and replace them with more energetic younger workers. Particularly, one can attribute this to the fact that older workers are often paid above their marginal productivity level, thus creating substantial costs for the firm. As a result, this may create credibility problems in the firm. However, the gravity of this issue largely depends on the degree to which external auditors can evaluate employees efforts. This way, companies may reduce their cheating and declare shirking among its workers only when it is true. Labour Turnover Model Aside from reducing shirking, the firm may also offer above average wages to reduce the costs of labor turnover. Prominently, the formal structure of the two models is almost similar. More specifically, workers will be more keen on maintaining their current employment if it offers a high wage above the average wage rate[8]. Also, they would be discouraged from quitting their employment if the economy depicts a high aggregate unemployment rate. Thus, if all firms offer an equal pay above the equilibrium rate, then there would be a high rate of involuntary unemployment. Consequently, this would serve as a deterrence for a high turnover since employees would prefer to maintain their current wages than becoming unemployed. Contrary to this view, Salop provides an alternative solution for the involuntary unemployment. More precisely, he argues that more sophisticated job contracts may offer Pareto-superior solutions to the problem[9]. Instead of paying both new and old workers an identical wage, the firm may differentiate their salaries. Thus, the new employees should be offered a pay equal to the disparity between training costs their marginal product. Specifically, a seniority salary system may help achieve this. Unlike in the shirking model, a training or employment fee may be initiated to reduce the risk of a moral hazard[10]. According to this model, it is not in the interest of the firm to dismiss its trained workers, as it would be disadvantageous. As such, training costs are expensive for the firm, and thus, try to avoid them as much as possible. The business may also draw explicit term contracts with the employee to insure themselves against high labor turnover. Besides, the great pay and salar ies offered by the firm act as a perfect deterrent to turnover as workers who to remain in employment than become unemployed. Adverse Selection Model Remarkably, this model further builds on the concept of pay for performance by highlighting the relationship between wages and employee productivity. Performance highly depends on workers abilities and the labor force has a heterogeneous ability. Notably, the workers reservation wage and their ability are positively correlated. Thus, firms offer high pay attract skilled applicants. Mainly, this model assumes that each firm compensates its workers with an efficiency wage. For this reason, the employer rejects persons who offer their expertise for below average wages. Predominantly, one can attribute this to the fact that employees who offer their services and expertise below the market clearing wage have doubt in their ability to perform productively, thereby raising the firms suspicion that they are unproductive. Primarily, this model provides that wage rigidity may be as a result of social principles and conventions of proper actions that are not typically individualistic. More profoundly, employees effort relies on their work standards[11]. Likewise, the partial gift exchange model suggests that the business can be successful in enhancing the average work effort and elevate group work norms by offering its employees a gift. In this case, the gift is a salary above the equilibrium wage rate to award employees for their effort above the minimum expectation. Predominantly, this hypothesis applies to public sector workers and firms. According to economic literature, monetary incentives may crowd in workers enthusiasm when they view the rewards as an acknowledgment of their high productivity and effort[12]. This way, both the employer and employee benefit from higher wages. Characteristically, the worker thrives on the feeling of acknowledgment and appreciation while the firm benefits from a hig her level of worker productivity. Application of Efficiency Wages in Real life For a long time now, economic models and theories have been implemented in the real world to achieve desired objectives for the firm and the economy as a whole. In the same way, the efficiency wage hypothesis is applied in various enterprises and sectors of the economy to achieve improved productivity, enhance labor force morale and reduce turnovers[13]. One famous example of the application of the theory of efficiency wages is Henry Fords US$5-a-day wage[14]. Notably, Ford Motors utilized the model to reduce the high turnover ratio that the company was experiencing. Often, working in the assembly sector is tedious and repetitive, thus unattractive for many workers. As a result, the firm was spending a lot of money in training new workers now and then[15]. New workers were also slow and less productive compared to old workers. Indeed, this was too expensive for Ford Motors. Eventually, the firm introduced an efficiency wage to reduce the high turnover and ultimately drive down costs associated with training new workers. Hence, it compensated its employees with a pay above the market-clearing rate for their skill level. Sequentially, this brought about significant benefits for the company[16]. First, the company achieved a lower turnover of its workers. What is more, the workers exhibited better performance of their duties which significantly improved their productivity. Eventually, the firm achieved high productivity alongside reduced training costs following the reduction of the turnover rate of its labor force. Conclusion Normally, in the contemporary business world, firms seek to maximize their profitability by minimizing costs and maximizing productivity. Essentially, the efficiency wage theory provides a foundation for businesses to achieve this goal[17]. As a whole, the hypothesis depicts the effectiveness of pay for performance incentives and highlights how incentive compensation is essential to business. In addition, it outlines the various benefits associated with paying workers an efficiency wage. Typically, by paying its workers a salary above the market clearing rate, the firm can achieve high employee productivity, improved workplace cohesiveness, enhanced employees loyalty and responsibility. Furthermore, a favorable pay helps the organization in reducing the level of shirking among its employees. If the firm pays its employees low wages, it runs the risk of creating worker dissatisfaction and diminished employee loyalty which in turn results in high turnover. Typically, high turnovers are expensive and disadvantageous for the firm. Therefore, all factors considered, it is highly imperative for a company to pay its workers a high wage to induce high performance. Generally, this is explained in the adverse selection model, sociological model, labor turnover hypothesis and the shirking model[18]. Through these examples, one can understand that the firm reaps more benefits from paying its workers above average wages since it results in greater productivity while significantly reducing costs. For this reason, it is rational to portend that pay for performance in both public and private sector firms will result in high profitability of organizations. Thus, companies should endeavor to pay its workers an efficiency wage, pay for performance. Bibliography Alfred, Marshall. 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